标题：综合英语二详细讲解４-１５课

L1 TWELVE THINGS I WISH THEY TAUGHT AT SCHOOL
 
1. The facilities and skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time. ------ The facilities and skills of the teachers were perhaps much better than those in most schools in…..学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国要远远高于平均水平。
　well: adv. quite, rather
　　The work is well done. 这件工作干得很好。
　　It's well past midnight, I think it's more time you went home.早过了午夜，我想你该回家了。
　above/below average高于或低于一般标准或水平
2. …..how much I don't yet know. -----how much I don't know up till now.我至今依然不了解的东西太多。
yet: at this point in time
3.Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters.-----I would be grateful today if I had learned more at high school about things that are really important.有时候， 我想那时要是能多学点真正重要的东西，那么今天我会多么地心存感激。
I would be …..if I had learned 虚拟语气， 主句表示现在，从句表示过去
　　I would not be so sleepy if I had slept well last night.
back then: back in my high school days
what really matters: what is important matter is used as a verb-----
　　eg: Does it matter much whether he will not pass the exams? 他能否通过考试是否很重要？
4.in some respects……; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the U.S made the Louisiana Purchase from him.
In some respects在某些方面；in respect of就某方面
Louisiana Purchase路易斯安那购置
5.On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history.-------The population of the US accounts for only about 5% of that of the world. But in my high school days taught American history only because it was thought that the history of other countries was not important for Americans to learn.在一个约95%的居民不是美国人的星球上，学校当局认为只有美国历史才值得讲授。（此处作者也是委婉批评了美国教育部门的狭隘与偏见。）some： about; approximately
worth teaching---be worth doing值得做
6.Perhaps all the deficiencies have since been rectified.-----Perhaps schools have overcome all the shortcomings and improved greatly since I left school.或许自那以后，该教而没有教的缺陷已经得到了纠正。
Deficiencies：不足，缺乏，缺少
　　This disease is caused by Vitamin D deficiency.
Since：从那以后（与完成时态连用）
　　He left home in 1980 and has not been heard of since.他于1980年离家，此后便音信全无。
7. ……often more a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts…..----Students should not merely be taught facts to memorize, but they should also be taught to cultivate their ability to judge what is happening around them and take the right attitude towards this.（该教的）与其说是简单的对事实的记忆问题，还不如说是态度问题。
more……more 与其说------不如说
　　For me, music is more a way of life than an interest.对我来说，音乐与其说是一种爱好，还不如说是一种生活方式。
matter, n. （讨论、考虑的）问题
　　a matter of principle原则问题　　a matter of time时间问题　　a matter of opinion看法问题
　　a matter of life and death生死攸关问题
8.That's one of the few things that we do better than the other species on our planet. In most things man's fellow creatures on earth are better, but in learning man does better.这是人类在这个星球上比其他物种做得好些的为数有限的几件事中的一件。
此处含有作者对人类所作所为的批评，意思是：人有种种恶习，优点不多，但喜欢学习却是一大优点。
9. Every student should regularly experience the "Aha!"when something you never understood, or something you never knew was a mystery, becomes clear.--------Students should be constantly learning new things so that they can experience the joy of learning and of discovering things they didn't know or understand before.每个学生都应该经常体验一下说出"啊，原来是这么一回事！"时的感受-----也就是你以往不懂的事情，一下子变得豁然开朗时的感受。
Aha：Ah, I see! /Now I understand!
10． The Greek philosopher Socrates said this was one of the greatest of human joys, and it is.
of the greatest of human joys: "the+ 形容词最高级+名词"的用法：the most beautiful of the places最美的地方
　　the greatest of scientists最伟大的科学家     　　the best of my friends我最要好的朋友
and it is： learning is still one of the greatest of human joys today
11. While you learn a little bit about many subjects, make sure you learn a great deal about one or two.-----On the one hand, you should have a wide scope of knowledge; on the other hand, you should learn one or two subjects thoroughly.
 while: 表示对比
make sure：to do sth. in order to be sure that sth. else happens
　　eg: We'll do our best to make sure that everything is ready before the sportsmeet.
12.It hardly matters what the subject is, as long as it deeply interest you, and you place it in its broader human context.
It hardly matters what: 句型"it +否定词 + matter(s) + wh-"eg:
　　It doesn't matter how you do it as long as you finish it on time.你如何做并不重要，但只要按时完成。
as long as： so long as: （表示条件）只要
　　You will succeed as long as you work hard.
context:上下文;背景
　　We will be able to understand why this event happened if we see it in its historical context.如果我们能够从该事件的历史背景来考虑，就能理解事件为何发生。
13．But don't get trapped by the first subject that interest you, or the first thing you find yourself good at.------But you shouldn't limit your study to anything that attracts you immediately or anything you first find yourself good at不要把自己的学习限制在最初吸你的范围或者你最初擅长的范围。
Be/get trapped: to be in a bad situation someone from escaping from dangerous place陷于，被困于
　　More than 50 miners got trapped in the pit following yesterday's explosion.50多名矿工在昨天的爆炸发生后被困在矿井中。
　　get trapped: (fig.)to get so deeply involved that one finds it hard to be interested in anything else
　　They got trapped when they were doing the experiment
14． The answers can be a gateway to real insights.
a gateway to----通向------途径；获得-------手段
　　A good education can be a gateway to success.良好的教育是获得成功的手段。
The Suez Canal is a gateway to Europe from East Asia.苏伊士运河是从亚洲通向欧洲的通道。
15. And don't confine your learning to schoolwork.不要把自己局限于课堂
confine ….to把------限制在---之内
　　They managed to confine Sars to a definite area.他们设法将"非典"控制在一定的范围。
16. It's much braver to ask questions even when there's a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you. 明知会引起嘲笑而提问要比把问题埋在心里、对周围的一切变得麻木不仁要勇敢得多。
 prospect ：something that you expect or know is going to happen预料会发生的事
　　He doesn't like the prospect of having to live alone.他将不得不独居，这事他可不喜欢
become deadened to sth.对-----变得麻木
　　He has become deadened to failures, for he has experienced so many.
　　Deaden sb. to sth.使------对-----麻木
17. Many conversations are a kind of competition that rarely leads to discovery on either side.-------Often, when people talk they show off: they try to show they are smarter, or that they know more than the person they are talking to; this kind of conversation gives you nu useful information or understanding.经常，人们谈话时总是争相表现自己，这类谈话对双方都无多大益处。
Lead to ：to result in; to bring about通向；导致
　　All roads lead to Rome.
　　Hard work can lead to success.
18. ….try to understand…..what you can learn from or about them
-------try to learn something from what they say, or try to find out the kind of person they are.而是设法搞懂他们说的是什么，什么样的经历才能使他们说这些话，你从这些话中能学到什么，你对说这些话的人又能了解到什么情况等。
19.The only embarrassment is in not learning from your mistakes.
Be in: lie in/exist in 在于；存在于
　　The cause of the accident was(lay/existed) in the drinking of the driver.事故的原因在于驾驶员喝酒了
20.......often for some short-term advantage when the long term implications are unknown.--------often for some quick profit now, when you don't know possible harm or danger might arise in the future.我们往往为了短期的利益，在尚不了解（这些做法）长远影响的情况下-----
The citizens of any country should have at least something to say about the direction in which we are doing.-----All people in the world have the right at least to express their views on the future of our planet.任何一个国家的公民至少对我们人类要走向何处有发言权。
Have sth. to say: have a say, have a right to make a decision about sth.
21.This is a deflation of our pretensions, to be sure. (链接)....------Undoubtedly, to accept the fact that the earth is not the center of the universe is the shatter the importance of human beings.毫无疑问，这就挫杀了我们人类的傲气。
to be sure：undoubtedly, certainly, of course "to do....."在此处是个独立成分，修饰全句，此类不定式短语可放在句首，也可置于句尾。
　　to tell you the truth; to be frank; to be honest etc.
22. .....-----far from being the center of the universe,........
　far from: 远非；根本不
　　The result of the exams are far from his parents' expectation.　　考试的结果远出他父母的预料。
　　What he said was far from the truth.他所说的远非事实。
23. Gain some exposure to (链接)the great works of literature, art and music.------Read the great works of literature, and get to know art and music and gain some insight into the profound thoughts in them.感受一下文学、艺术和音乐名篇的熏陶。
exposure to： 接触-----，感受-----的熏陶；受到----的影响
　　Living in Europe for a year, she gained some exposure to western culture.在欧洲生活了一年，她接触了一些西方文化。
　　Be exposed to 接触；受影响
　　Have you ever been exposed to ancient Chinese culture?
　　你接触过中国古代文化吗？
24. If such a work is hundreds or thousands of years old and is still admired, there is probably something to it.既然一部作品已存在了几百年或者几千年， 今天仍然受到赞赏，那么它大概确实是有些名堂。
 if引导的从句表示说话者承认的一个事实，但主句所表示的内容更重要。
　　Eg: If I said that, I didn't mean to hurt anyone.如果我说过这话，但我的本意并不想伤害任何人。
there is something to/in: 确有道理、见地、不同凡响之处
　　There is something to what he just said.他刚才说的话很有见地。
25. ......it may takea little work on your part to discover what all the fuss is about.------you have to make some effort to find out why people admire and are crazy about those works of the past.
it takes effort/energy, etc. To do sth. : it needs or requires the specified amount, quality or action for a person to complete a certain task or process to do sth.
　　eg: It takes courage to ask "stupid" questions.
　　It takes two to make a quarrel.
　　Cf: It takes sb. Time to do sth.
　　It took him two years to write the book.

26. In a world as tightly connected as ours is, don't restrict your attention to American or Western culture.------In our age, countries and regions are closely related; what happens in one country or region can affect others. Therefore we should not only study American culture and Western culture. We should also pay attention to other cultures---Asian, African and Latin American.
In a world as tightly connected as ours is:在介词短语"in a world....."中，过去分词短语as tightly connected as ours is 起形容词作用，作定语，修饰a world; 在as......as 表示形容词同级比较的结构中，第二个as引出比较从句ours is
restrict oneself/sb./sth. (to sth./ doing sth.): to put a limit on
　　Families in China are generally restricted to (having) one child.中国家庭一般只允许生一个孩子。
　　Nowadays women are no longer restricted to domestic work.当今妇女不再只限于做家务活。
27. Humans are capable of great mutual compassion, love, and tenderness.
　be capable of sth/doing sth.: be able to do有能力做某事；有潜力做某事
　　He is capable of overcoming the difficulties.他有能力克服困难。
　　Under the leadership of our Party and our governments, we are capable of winning the battle against Sars.在党和政府的领导下，我们有能力取得抗击Sars这场战役的胜利。
28. Look at the delight a one-or two-year-old takes in learning, and you see how powerful is the human will to learn.
Look.....,and: do sth. and you (will): 如果-----，你就会-----，这里该句型相当于条件从句。
　　Eg: Work hard and you will pass the exam. 如果你努力学习，你就会通过考试。
　　Show me the evidence and I will believe you.如果你拿来证据，我就相信你。
　take (a) delight in sth. /doing sth.以-----为乐
　　eg: The old man takes great delight in playing chess.这位老人从下棋中得到很大乐趣。
　　We should never take delight in others' failures.我们不应该对别人的失败而幸灾乐祸。
　see的宾语从句how powerful is the human will to learn 是倒装句，由于主语the human will to learn较长而置于系动词is之后.
29. Our passion to understand the universe and our compassion for others jointly provide the chief hope for the human race.-----We have a strong desire for learning and we are kind and tender towards one another. With these two fine qualities, the human race will have a bright future.我们有渴望了解宇宙的热忱，我们有对他人的同情心，人类的希望主要寄托于此。
passion热忱；激情 compassion 同情心， 作者在此用了passion 与compassion 两个谐音词来表达他对人类的希望。谐音词是一种修辞手法，用来取得一定效果。
provide sth. or sb. For sb. Or sth./ provide sb. Or sth. with ....: to supply sb. With......
　　eg: Our school has provided every teacher with a notebook computer.
　　The organization provided a lot of food and clothes for the children. 

 
1. If you were asked to list….., you would….. 虚拟语气，2. 表示与当前情况的假设。
　　If I had enough money, I would buy that car.
2. If next you were……, who somehow seem bigger than life, you might come up with an entire different list.
Bigger/larger than life: 超群的；夸大的
　　His sadness was bigger than life.他伤心极了。
come up with: bring forward with提出；想出
　　Some new issues were come up at the meeting.在这个会上提出了一些新问题
3. You might, in fact, name people who are celebrated for their wealth and glamour, rather than their achievements….
be celebrated for: 因----而受到颂扬、赞美
　　Most doctors and nurses were celebrated for their bravery in the battle against SARS.大多数医务人员由于在抗击"非典"战役中的勇敢表现而受到了人们的赞扬。
rather than: instead of 不是---（而是）
　　He was criticized by the teacher for his absence from class rather than his failure in the exam.他因缺课而受到了老师的批评，而不是因为他这次考试的失败。
4.And you would not be alone, because pollsters have found that people today do not choose political leaders who shape history for their "Most Admired"...
be not alone in thinking/believing: others agree with you在-----方面别人也有同感
　　We're not alone in believing that Xiao Jiang is the best person for the job.
　　我们相信小江是这项任务的最佳人选,别人也有同感。
　　Dr. Applebaum is not alone in thinking that television gives children a false sense of reality.
　　不光是阿普尔鲍姆博士认为电视节目给孩子们展现的是虚假的现状。
　　The French are not alone in finding American movies breaking into their film market.
　　不只是法国人才发现美国电影打入自己的市场。
　　Professors are disappointed about what has happened in the presidential election, and they are not alone in that.
　　教授们对总统选举中所发生的一切感到失望，同感者大有人在。
shape：form or take shape, give signs of future development
　　Our plan is shaping well.我们的计划进展顺利。
　　Shape history(the course or events) 决定历史的进程（事件的发展）Great men can shape history but they can't make history.伟人可以决定历史的进程，但他们不能创造历史。
5.By definition, heroes and heroines are men and women distinguished by uncommon courage achievements, and self-sacrifice made most often for the benefit of others…
…heroes and heroines are people who are different from other people because of their unusual courage, achievements and the sacrifices they make in the interests of others.
by definition: by defining通过定义，界定
　　By definition, heroes are those who are distinguished by their accomplishment.根据定义，英雄以其所取得的成就而出名。
be distinguished ( from )…by: to be noticeably different from or better than others of the same type because of an unusual quality以----而著称；有别于；不同于
　　Xiao Yang is distinguished from other young men by his unusual maturity.
　　小杨的老练程度超过了其他年轻人。
　　The little girl is distinguished from other four-year-olds by her excellent memory.
　　这小女孩的记忆力超出岁孩子了水平。
　　The zebra is distinguished from the horse by the lines on its body.
　　斑马列因其身上的条纹而不同于马。
　　Chinese people are distinguished by their diligence and courage.中国人民以勤劳勇敢而著称。
　　Cf .distinguish between…/ sth. from sth. eles: to notice or understand the difference between…/ 　　to tell one thing from another.区别
　　Colour-blind people find it hard to distinguish between red and green.　　色盲的人很难分清红、绿两色。
　　City people often can't distinguish young wheat from weeds.　　城里人往往分不清麦苗和野草。
　　The twin sisters are so much alike that sometimes even their father can't distinguish one from the other.
　　这对双胞胎姐妹长得太像了，有时她们的父亲都分辨不出谁是姐姐谁是妹妹。
　　distinguished guests 贵宾
for the benefit of：for one's benefit: for the profit of:为----，为-----的利益
　　The money is to be used for the benefit of the poor in the rural area.这笔钱要用来帮助农村地区的穷人。
　　for the benefit of the people/country为了人民/国家利益
6.… they are people against whom we measure others.
…they've become a sort of standard; we judge others by what they do and what they are.他们是我们评价别人的标准。
measure sth. against … : to judge the value of sb./sth. using sth. else as a standard; to compare sth. 　　with a certain standard:对照----来评价---
　　Our production costs are high, when they are measured against the world's advanced level.
　　对照世界先进水平，我们的生产成本过高。
　　Your performance is poor when measured against the success of the other sales personnel.
　　与其他销售人员的业绩相比，你的业绩相当差。
7. Yet , some people say that ours is an age where true heroes and heroines are hard to come by, where the very ideal of heroism is something beyond us ---an artifact of the past.
Yet, some people say that we are living in a new age .In this age heroes and heroines are rare, and heroism is only something people admire but do not practice. Heroic and noble conduct is a thing of the past.可是，有人说，我们的时代是很难出现真正英雄的时代，英雄主义这一概念本身我们就难以理解--它已经成为历史。
come by 找到，遇到
　　How did you come by this second-hand book?你是怎样找到这本旧书的。
　　heroism is something beyond us: we have no idea what heroism is我们不知道英雄行为是何物
　　an artifact of the past历史文物，这个短语是对:heroism的补充说明。
　　Be beyond sb.:为某人所不能理解；对某人来说太难
　　与beyond搭配的词有：
　　beyond power越权　　beyond belief不可相信　　beyond understanding无法理解　　beyond control无法控制　　beyond doubt毫无疑问　　beyond imagination难以想象　　beyond one's means难以承受
　　beyond description难以描述
8.Consequently, bereft of cultural heroes, we have latched onto cultural icons…
As a result, when we no long have national heroes to admire and worship, we have become crazy about cultural icons…因此，缺少了民族英雄，我们就迷上了通俗文化偶像。
Consequently：As a result因此，于是
bereft of：失去；缺少bereft(bereave的过去式、过去分词)
　　The boy is bereft of hope.这孩子失去了希望。
latch onto/on to sb./sth.:(informal) to become very interested in sb./sth.,often finding them so useful that we don't want to let them go
　　对某人或某事产生极大的兴趣，往往不愿意放弃（这里作者的意思是：人们开始迷上了文化偶像之后，就一发不可收拾，对他们的崇拜愈来愈狂热。）
9.… who are simply famous for being famous.
…who are well-known just because they are frequently seen in public, so that a lot of people know them or know about them (not because they possess unusually fine qualities or because they have made great contributions to society).仅仅因为有名而成名的人。
be famous for：be known for
10． They are people who manage to transcend celebrity, who are legendary, who somehow manage to become mythic.----Cultural icons make themselves more famous than celebrities; they inspire great admiration; and to a certain degree, they become important people. 他们超越了名流，成为传奇式人物，甚至在某种程度上已是神话式的人物。
注意：此句此句用三个由Who引导出的并列的定语从句来修饰 people，界定"文化偶像"的三个特点：比名流名气更大，受到崇拜，成为重要人物。
11. In part,their lives have the quality of a story.----Part of the reason is that their lives are unusual, full of ups and downs like people in legends or myths. 部分的原因是由于他们的生平带有传奇故事的色彩。
In part: partly; to a certain extent 在一定程度上，部分地
　　He failed in the exams in part because he was careless.他没通过考试在一定程度上是由于他粗心。
12.Good looks certainly help.漂亮的长相当然有用。
Attractive appearance is surely very useful in the making of an icon.
help: to improve a situation or to make sth .happen起作用
　　Wisdom, not strength helps in the matter.　　在这方面智慧起作用，力量无济无事。
　　To be young and single definitely help when you're looking for a job　　年轻又单身在找工作时是有得的条件。
　　Material incentives alone won't help ( to ) increase production.　　光凭物质刺激无助于提高生产。
13．So does a special indefinable charisma, with the help of the media.----
A particular great charm that is hard to define also proves useful. The media help to impress people with it.在媒体的抄作下某种难以描述的、特殊的个人魅力也起作用。
这是个倒装句， A special indefinable charisma 是主语，does 是谓语，代表helps，介词短语 with the help of the media作状语。
14． But nothing becomes an icon more than a tragic and early death然而悲剧性地过早离开这个世界，却是造成偶像最重要的因素。
become: 适合；与----相称
　　Purple becomes her.紫色很适合她
　　Don't be rude, it doesn't become you.别动粗，这同你的身份不相称。
more than： Nothing could satisfy him more than money.没有比钱更能满足他的东西了。
15. Being Somebody《当名人》
somebody : an important person名人；重要人物
　　It is said that his father is somebody in the show business.　　据说他的父亲是演艺界的大腕人物。
　　He spoke as if he was somebody in the department.　　他说话的样子好像他是系里了不起的人物似的。
　　Cf. something: a thing or a person that thought to be important or worth noting有见地；有道理；了不起
　　There's something in what the boy says.　　那男孩子的话还真有道理。
　　Christy has learned to write with his left foot. It's really something.　克里斯蒂学会用左脚写字了，真了不起。
　　You've done it, Chris. You're really something.　　克里斯，你成功了。你可真了不起。
17. Their accomplishments are still evident in our own day.
Today we still see or feel what they achieved in the past.
18.Today's celebrities, however, often do not become known for any enduring achievement.----But, today, people often do not become famous because they've achieved something ( a great book, an invention, a discovery, a way of thinking, etc. ) that will last or influence people for a long time.然而，当今的名人往往并不是由于他们所取得的成就而闻名。
 Be/become known for: to be/become famous because of
Suzhou is known for its beautiful gardens.　　苏州因其美丽的园林而闻名。
　　He became known for a book he wrote when he was 17.　　他因17岁时写的一本书而出名。
　　Cf. be known as: to be called, regarded as, looked upon as以---而著称
　　In China, Suzhou and Hangzhou are known as "paradises on earth"　在中国，苏州和杭州被称为"人间天堂"。
　　The girl has an unusually large vocabulary and is known as a "walking dictionary".
　　那女孩知道的词真多，被称为"活字典"。
　　Singapore is known as a garden city.新加坡以花园城而闻名。
19.The year before, that distinction went to President Carter's wife, Rosalynn.-----The year before, the title/honour was given to President Carter's wife, Rosalynn./The year before, President Carter's wife, Rosalynn, won the honour.前一年，这个称号又送给了卡特总统夫人，罗萨琳。
( prize, title, honour, property, etc. ) go to sb./sth.:to be given to , awarded to ,or inherited by sb.赠送给，授予
　　The money they raised from the concert all went to the flooded area.　举办音乐会所得款项全部捐赠给水灾地区。
　　The title "The Best Woman Football Player of the Millenium" went to a Chinese, Sun Wen.
　　"千年最佳女足运动员"的称号授予了中国运动员孙雯。
　　The house was left to his son ,and all the paintings went to his daughter.
房子留给了他的儿子，女儿继承了所有绘画。
　　The 2000 Nobel Prize for Peace went to Kim Dae Chong.　　2000年诺贝尔和平奖授予了金大中。
20.The hero was distinguished by his accomplishment ; the celebrity by his image or trademark.
The hero was different from ordinary people because of what he had achieved ; the celebrity differs from ordinary people merely because he is well-known.英雄因其成就而出众，而名流则因其形象或其特征而出名。
21.The hero created himself ; the celebrity is created by the media
　The hero was admired for what he had hone for society ; the celebrity bursts onto the scene through the work of the media. 英雄因其成就而名，而名流则因媒体的宣传而出名。（英雄造就自己，媒体造就名流。）
22. The hero was a big man; the celebrity is a big name.
the hero was an outstanding man with excellent qualities ; the celebrity is an average person with an enviable reputation.英雄是了不起的人物，名流是了不起的名声。
23. Except for the attention they get from the media, these people are exactly like us.---If the media didn't give them so much attention, they wouldn't be any different from ordinary people.要不是媒体的关注，这些人和我们没什么两样。
注意except 和except for的区别：
except for: with the exception of ( used to introduce the only thing or a person that prevent a statement from being completely true )
　1）从一个表示整体的单数名词中除掉一部分
　　The essay is excellent except for the conclusion.　　这篇文章除结尾之外总体不错。
　　Cf. All the essays are good except yours and John's.　　除了你和约翰的文章之外，其他人的都不错。
　　The whole class passed the test except for John.　　全班除了约翰之外都通过了测试。
　　Cf. We all passed the test except John.　　除约翰之外我们都通过了测试。
　2） 所谈及的名词和除外的名词代表不同的类别时
　　The country is not worth seeing, except for its temples.　　那个国家除了寺庙之外没有什么值得游览的
　　The road was deserted except for a few cars.　　路上除了几辆轿车之外杳无人绝迹。
　　Cf. All the roads are deserted except one.　　除了一条路之外，其他路上行人绝迹
24. Previously, men like Gould and Harriman , whose names everyone knew, could easily have passed through a crowd without being recognized.-----In the past , when famous men like Gould and Harriman walked through a crowd , it was quite possible that people don't recognize them , though everyone knew of them.
此句的意思是：这两个人要是在人群里走走的话，人们完全可能不知他们为何许人。（但他们极少出现在人群之中。）
could have done sth.( could have done sth.).（情态助动词could与完成时形式的动词不定式have done sth.连用）表示过去可能会发生但实际上没有发生的事情：
　　You could have got a job last year.　　你本来去年就可能会找到工作的。（实际上没有找到）
Ten people were killed in the accident . They could have been saved.
　　事故中有10人死亡，他们的生命本来是可以挽救过来的
　pass through :to go through a town , etc. , stopping there for a short time but not staying
25. The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress , appearance ,and personal habits were widely commented upon. -----When famous people's photos appeared in newspapers , their outward features-their appearance , their clothes , and the way they carried themselves-began to attract public attention and get talked about , In this way these famous people gradually became celebrities.现在报纸上能刊登照片，这使名人成为名流，他们的衣着、外貌和体态举止都成为人们评论的对象。
Turn…into…: to cause sth./sb. to become…使---成为；把---变成
　　Her bitter experience has turned her into a strong woman.　　痛苦的经历使她成了一个坚强的女人。
　　The mobile medical team turned an old temple into a first-aid station.　流动医疗队把一座古庙改造成了急救站。
Comment on/upon: to give/express opinions about评论；议论
　　The U.S.2000 presidential election has been much commented upon.
2000年美国的总统选举招致了不少的议论。
　　I don't think it right to comment on people's private affairs.　　我觉得议论别人的私事是不对的。
26. Slowly , the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what they looked like. 公众的注意力逐渐由了解这些人做了些什么转移到了了解他们长得是什么样子。
Shift ( away )from…to…: to change in emphasis , direction or focus：转移
　　When the wind shifted from south to north , it began to get cold.　　风向由南转北，天气变冷了。
　　In the early 1960s , the emphasis of our country's economy shifted from heavy industry to light industry and agriculture.　　20世纪60年代初期，我国经济的重点工业转向轻工业和农业。
look like: to have the appearance of看起来像
　　The restaurant looks like a ship.　　这家餐馆的外形像条船。
　　From the way they treat each other they look like sisters.　　她们亲昵的样子看起来像是姐儿俩。
　　like 常与其他表示感官功能（如视觉、触觉、味觉、听觉等look like; feel like; smell like; sound like）的动词连用。
　　In the middle of the night we were woken up by some noise . It sounded like a fight.
　　半夜里我们被吵醒了，听起来像是吵架的声音。
　　The dish sells like fish , but tastes like beef.　　这道菜闻起来像鱼，尝起来像牛肉。
　　The material feels like silk.　　这块料子摸起来像丝绸。
27.With the arrival of television…
Because we now have television…由于电视的出现
with: because of having
　　With a large family to support , he cannot afford a new coat this year
　　由于有一大家人要养活，他今年不能给自己买新大衣了。.
　　With John away , we've got more room.
　　由于约翰不在，我们的地方显得更宽敞。
　　With all the homework to do , I cannot go out this weekend.
　　有这么多作业要做，这个周末我不能出去了
28. …than we did about most of the people we know personally.
…than we know about most of the people we actually know.
29.Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first moving pictures , the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.
第一部电影问世后不到70年，英雄崇拜就彻底转变成名人崇拜了。
电影起源于19世纪末，人们传统上认为1899年是电影诞生之年，此句的意思是在20世纪60年代末人们崇拜对象的转变就完成了。
moving picture 的其他名称为：picture, motion picture , film , movie等。
30.Today an appearance on a television talk show is the ultimate proof of "making it "; in America.----Today , if you are invited as a guest on a TV talk show ,you definitely have proved yourself successful in America.今天在电视台的一个脱口秀节目上一露脸就绝对能证明你在美国"一举成名了"。
Make it : ( informal ) to be successful in one's career; to succeed , to win acceptance达到预定目标，顺利度过一段困难时期；成功；及时到达。
　　When he won the prize , he realized that he had made it.　　得了奖，他意识到自己成功了。
　　He's been in some 30 films , but he's never made it as a great actor.　他演了三十多部电影，可是从来没有红起来。
　　The train leaves at 3, it's 2:30 now, I am afraid I can't make it.火车是3点开，现在已经两点半了，恐怕我赶不上了。
31.Celebrities do not appear on such a program because of an actual desire-or ability-to talk , but simply to gain recognition , and prove , merely by showing up ,that they are "somebody."----Celebrities often appear on talk shows , not because they really want to talk , or because they have something to say , but simply because they want tobecome famous and to show that they are important.名流在这样的节目中出场，并不是因为他们真想说什么，或是口才很棒，而纯属为了出名，并通过在荧屏上露面，证明他们是"重要人物"。
注意not…because (of ) to do sth.的结构中，否定的部分是because (of )，而不是appear.
　　I didn't see the film because you recommended it . I wanted to see Henry Fonda.
　　我看了这部电影可不是因为你的推荐，我是想看亨利·方达的表演。
　　The children didn't do it to please their parents , but simply to enjoy themselves.
　　孩子们做这件事可不是为了父母高兴，而是自己想玩一玩。
show up: ( informal ) to appear ; to arrive , often after a delay到场；露面
　　He didn't show up at his sister's wedding.　　他居然没有在他妹妹的婚礼上露面。
　　I wonder if he will show up at all.　　真不知道他还会不会来。
　　We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash , but three days later he showed up safe and sound.
　　我们都以为他在收音机失事中丧生，但三天以后，他却安然无恙地出现了。
Only three of people we had invited didn't show up at the party.
　　邀请的人当中，只有三人末出席这次聚会。
32.Most hosts are grateful just to get someone who will fill the room with sound.----Most hosts are more than happy as long as the guests keep talking.多数主持人只要有人说话，让演播室老有声音就很满意了。
fill…with… : to make…full of…用----装满
　　Would you fill these bottles with water , please?　　请把这些瓶子灌满水好吗？
　　Each time I went to see her , my grandma would fill my pockets with sweets .
　　每次我去看奶奶，她总是在我的衣兜塞满糖果。
　　此句型常用于被动结构：
　　The room is filled with an unpleasant smell.　　这屋子里有股难闻的味。
　　The supermarket is filled with shoppers at weekends.　　每逢周末这家超市总是挤满了购物的人。
　　此句型有引申的意思：
　　She filled her days with trivial tasks.　　她整天忙于处理琐碎的事务。
　　The thought filled me with pleasure.　　这个想法使我感到高兴。
　　I'm filled with gratitude to all those who have helped me.　　我对帮助过我的人充满感激之情。
　　Her heart was filled with happiness at the party her students organized in her honor.
　　在学生们为她举行的聚会上，她沉浸在幸福之中。
　　He was filled with pity for the poor girl .　　他对那个可怜的女孩子充满怜悯之情。
　　The sound of the music filled me with memories .　　音乐声使我沉浸在回忆之中。
　　fill 也可作不及物动词：
　　The market filled rapidly . 　　市场很快挤满了人。
　　fill 表示to become full of:　　Laughter filled the hall.　　笑声响彻整个大厅。
　　When the young lady refused to pay for the shoes she had ordered , unhappiness filled the poor shoemaker's house .
　　那位年轻的女士不肯付款来付她定做的那双鞋，此时，穷鞋匠的家里人人愁眉不展。
33.… a ratings nightmare .
… a terrible thing for the show , for it wouldn't attract many ratings: the popularity of a television of radio programme as measured by the number of people viewing or listening对收视率来说是可怕的事
34.This kind of attitude rewards smooth , insincere talk , and makes hesitancy look like stupidity.----Talk show coordinators are concerned about whether the guest talks fluently . They don't care whether he/she talks sensibly and intelligently . By doing so , they actually encourage and praise talk show guests who speak fluently but insincerely and make viewers believe those who don't speak fluently are stupid people . 这种看法结果是鼓励了口若悬河的空话，而把迟疑看作是愚笨。
Reward：酬谢；奖赏
　　He was rewarded with a three-week-holiday for his achievements.由于他的成就，他被奖励了三个星期的假期。
　　其引申意思，表示"得出----的结果，得到回报"
　　I am sure that all your hard work will be rewarded.我相信你的辛苦工作一定会得到丰硕的结果。
35.he'd be dragging his bottom in the ratings.
Today , if he were invited to speak on a talk show , he wouldn't be able to attract a large number of viewers.
Drag one's bottom 可能是由习语drag one's heels/feet（故意拖延，磨洋工）而来。 

If you are not moving ahead , you are falling behind
fall behind ( sb ) : to go more slowly than other people so that they gradually move further ahead of you ; to be less successful than someone else 落伍、落在后面
eg: She was leading in the 800-metre race , but fell behind in the last second.
　　在800米比赛中她一直领领先,在最后的一秒里落在了别人的后面。
eg:Germany has fallen behind France and Britain in the production of airliners
　　德国在大型客机生产方面不如法国和英国。
fall behind with/on sth.to fail to pay for sth. or to do sth. when it is due拖欠；跟不上
eg:Don't fall behind with the rent , or you'll be told to leave.　　不要拖欠房租，不然的话，房东就会叫你搬走。
eg:I've fallen far behind with my maths homework. I don't think I'll ever be ableto catch up .
　　数学作业我已经落下不少，永远也赶不上了。 　
eg:She falls behind with her studies　　她学习跟不上
This attitude results in a nation of peoplecommitted to
commit oneself/be committed to (doing ) sth: v. (1)transport, convey:传送
传递消息to say/have said that someone will definitely do sth. or must do sth .决心做；承诺做
eg: Think carefully before you commit yourself to working at weekends .好好考虑之后再决定是不是同意周末工作
eg: The government is committed to improving housing conditions for low-income people
　　　政府承诺要为低收入居民改善居住环境。
eg: From then on, he was committed to working hard　　　从那时起，他就决心要好好学习。
Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor Americans are often thought to be a squandering nation.
the other being labor 独立主格结构
eg: There are many children singing, each having flouwers in his or her hands.
有许多孩子在唱歌，每人手里都拿着花
Weare slaves to nothing but the clock
be slave to/of to 受-----的支配或影响；成为-----的奴隶
eg: A lot of young people nowadays are slaves of/to fashion .　　　如今有不少年轻人拼命赶时髦.
eg: He is slave to drink.　　　他是个酒鬼
Time is treated as if it were something almost tangible----Americans treat time as if it were something solid , which you can seize and control
treat……as:consider…as: 把----看作/视为
eg:Don't treat me as a child, I'm eighteen years old.　　　不要把我当小孩子看了，我18岁了。
eg:You'd better treat his words as a joke.　　　你最好把他的话当作玩笑。
tangible: 能摸得着的;有形的
We budget it,kill it , cut it ,account for it.
budget time: 计划时间steal time: 　挤出时间kill time:　消磨时间   cut time: 　减少时间
account for time 解释时间   account for sth　对----作出解释/说明
eg: Jane was upset because her son couldn't account for the three hours between his last class and his arrival home .
   简因此感到不高兴，因为儿子说不清放学之后到回家之前的三个小时之间他究竟干了什么。
eg: She has to account to her husband for every penny of the moneyhe gives her for house keeping
　　丈夫给她持家的钱是怎么花的，她得一笔一笔地向他交代清楚。
eg:He couldn't account for why he was late.　　他解释不清他为什么迟到。
account for sth 说明原因
eg: Bad mews from home may account for his recent depression.　　他近来情绪低落可能是因为家里出了事。
eg:　Icy roads account for the increase in accidents .　　路面结冰是造成交通事故增加的原因。
account for （数量上）占---
eg:　Girl students account for more than 50% in our school. 　　女学生在我校占一半以上。
Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime.----Many people are keenly aware that life is short
acute: keen;sharp;quick　敏锐的；尖锐的，(疾病等)急性的
eg:Some animals have an acute sense of smell.　  有些动物的嗅觉很敏锐。
a sense of responsibility　责任感a sense of shame 羞耻感a sense of security 安全感
a sense of hearing　听觉  sense： 感觉
8. Oncer the sands have run out of a person's hourglass , they cannot be replaced .
Once: 一旦
eg:Once you have come, you must stay.　　既来之，则安之.
the sands:（古代计时用的）沙漏中的沙；（喻）时间；光阴；寿命   the sands of time　时光
the sands of(one's )life寿命   The sands are running out.
run out of:　用完；耗尽
eg:I'm running out of money this month. Could you please land me some
  　我这个月的钱快花光了，你能借我点吗？
We want every minute to count .
count: to be of value or importance 有价值，有意义
eg: First impressions of people do count 人们的最初印象确实重要
eg: We have only a few bullets left ,so make each one count
　　我们只剩下几发子弹了，每一发都要真正派上用场
eg: Such men do not count for anything　这种人毫不足取。
A foreigner's first impressionof the U.S.…
Impression： 印象
eg:What's your first impression about Beijing?　　你对北京的第一印象如何？
under pressure:： 不得不如此；压力下
eg:I don't want to work under pressure 　　我不喜欢在不得已的情况下做事。
11.City people appear always to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, elbowing others as they try to complete their errands.
elbow :肘
eg:to push roughly with one's elbows in the specified direction
He elbowed his way through the crowd.他从人群中挤出.
12.If you don't, waiters will hurry you.
Hurry sb:催促某人赶快
eg:Hurry him or he'll be late.催他快点，要不他会迟到的
13．…..but they are also quite high strung.
high strung: very sensitive and easily excited, string up　受惊
14．You also find drivers will be abrupt.
 abrupt:突然的；粗鲁的；无礼的
to finish or be through　完成
eg:an abrupt manner.无礼的态度　
15. you will miss smiles, brief conversations small courtesies with strangers
miss sth: 发觉没有；觉得遗憾
small courtesies : friendly smiles, saying hello, or whatever起码的客套
16. Don't take it personally.----Don't feel upset because this is their way with strangers. It is not directed against any particular person. They treat all strangers in the same way.
take : 对待
take sth./ sb. seriously 认真对待某物/某人
take sth./ sb. lightly 轻率对待某物/某人
take sth. personally 　把某件事看成是针对某个人的
take sth. badly/ calmly 对某件事的反应强烈/冷静
eg : Unfortunately, no one took the child's words seriously.不幸的是谁也没有把那孩子的话当回事 。
eg : To my surprise, his parents took the news calmly.　　　他的父母对这个消息反应十分冷静，使我感到惊讶。
eg :We shouldn't take these young people lightly我们可不能小看那些年轻人
eg : I'm afraid he took your remarks personally.　我想他认为你的那些话是说他的。
17. This is because people value time highly
value: 珍惜
We must value the time at school.　我们一定要珍惜学校的时光
18. This view of time affects the importance we attach to patience.
affect:影响
e.g.: Alcohol affects a driver's concentration.酒能分散司机的注意力。
e.g.: TV violence has a very bad effect on children 电视节目中的暴力行为对孩子会产生不良影响。
attach: 认为----重要
e.g.: We attach great importance to the training of basic language skills.　我们认为语言基本功的训练十分重要。
e.g.:　The Chinese government attaches much significance to the country's entry into the WTO.
中国政府认为中国加入世贸组织意义深远。
19. In the American system of values, patience is not a high priority.
top/high/low priority:重要/次要问题
e.g.: Women's issues are often seen as a low priority.妇女问题往往被看成是次要问题。　　
e.g.: Population problem is seen as a high priority.人口问题被看成是一个重要问题。
20.We begin to move restlessly about if we feel time isslipping awaywithout some return be this in terms of pleasure, work value, or rest.
slip away: 很快离开；（时间）流逝
eg:　She could see her chances of victory slipping away.　她眼睁睁地看着就要失去快到手的胜利。
without some return:没有什么回报
eg:He helped the old man without some return.他帮助这个老人而不图什么回报。
in terms of: 在----方面,就----而论
eg: She is excellent in terms of oral English.　她在英语口语方面很好.
21. Those coming from lands where time is looked upon differently may find this matter of pace to be one of their most difficult adjustments in both business and daily life.
coming from: 分词短语作定语修饰those
.22. They will miss the ritual socializing that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be traditional in their own country.------They will not be received with a show of welcome, courtesy, or friendliness, including a cup of tea or coffee which perhaps is customary in their home country.
socializing: meeting people socially, for example, at a party参加社交活动
23. We seek out evidence of past performance rather than evaluate a business colleague through social courtesies
seek out:努力寻找，找出
eg:The police sought out the person who had informed them of the road accident by phone.
　　警察找到了打电话向他们报告车祸的那个人
eg:They are seeking business opportunities abroad　他们正在寻找在海外开拓业务的机会
24. Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly.-----Since we generally evaluate the worth of our business partner by his professional skills and competence instead of his social abilities, we do not waste time in socializing, but start talking business right away
Business: 事务；事
eg:Let's come( get )to business我们言归正传吧
eg:know one's business精通自己所干的一行.
25. but in the business world we almost always have other appointments following hard on the heels of whatever we are doing.
follow (hard) on the heels of: happening very soon after紧接着，接踵而来,紧跟后面
eg:　Loud thunder comes hard on the heels of lightening.　巨大的雷声紧跟着闪电而来
26.We therefore save most personal visiting for after work hours or for social weekend gatherings.
save:保留；节省；积攒；挽救；使避免　　
eg:What’s saved his strength for the end of the race　他把力气留到冲刺阶段.
eg:Let's save the rest of the cake for supper.　我们把其余的蛋糕留到晚饭再吃吧
27. To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little or no relation to the matter at hand
the matter at hand:目前正做的事
28. Mail is slow and uncertain.
the official system of collecting, transporting and delivering letters and parcels: 邮政系统,邮件
eg:While we can send Christmas cards via E-mail, we still have to send parcels by post/mail.(post: BrE;mail: AmE )我们能够以电子邮件的形式发圣诞卡，但还是得通过邮局寄包裹
eg:I'm going to the department office to pick up my mail.我要去系办公室取邮件.
29. Telephones save your feet and endless amounts of time.
save(feet):to avoid or help to avoid sth. that is unpleasant or difficult
eg:　Scanners save us the trouble of typing.　扫描仪省去了我们打字的麻烦。
eg:　It saves both money and time to shop in supermarkets.　到超市购物既省钱又省时间
30.Furthermore, several people canconfer together without moving from their desks
confer(with sb.)(on/about sth.):交换意见；征求意见
eg:She said she wished to confer with her advisers before announcing a big decision
　　她说她希望在宣布一项重大决定之前能与顾问商谈一下。
31.Unless a certain amount of time is allowed, felt to be given added weight by the passage of time.
Be felt to do/to be : （人们）觉得
eg:Dining out is often felt to be common today.
在餐馆吃饭现在经常被人们感觉很普遍了
32.Assignments are thus save your feet and endless amounts of time.
save(feet):to avoid or help to avoid sth. that is unpleasant or difficult
eg:　Scanners save us the trouble of typing.　扫描仪省去了我们打字的麻烦。
eg:　It saves both money and time to shop in supermarkets.到超市购物既省钱又省时间

Take over Bos'n!
take over (from sb.) : 接管，接替 落伍、落在后面
eg: A competent young woman took over from Mr. White as the CEO of the company last year.
　　　　 去年一位年轻有为的女士接替了怀特先生成了公司的首席执行官。
eg: Who's going to take over the running of the park when Mr. Liu retires?
　　　　刘先生退休以后谁管理体制公署这摊子事？
eg: Who's going to take over the running of the park when Mr. Liu retires?
    　　一年之内，那家媒体托拉斯兼并了好几家报业
Hour after hour kept the gun pointed at tothe other nine men.
kept the gun pointed at:
eg: He kept the door locked　他一直锁着门 eg: Keep sb. covered一直瞄准某人
3. From the lifeboat' s stern, where I'd sat most of the twenty days our drifting, I could keep them a covered
cover: to continue aiming a gun at, so that they cannot attack you　瞄准，控制在范围之内
eg: Cover her while I phone the police.　　 把枪对准她让她别动，我去叫警察来
If I had to shoot at such close quarters.
at/from close quarters/range:很近
eg: The boys love to watch the aircraft take off and land at close quarters
　　　这些男孩子酷爱在近处观看飞机起飞、降落。
eg:The birds were photographed at close range这些小鸟是近距离拍摄下来的。
eg:The victim had been shot at close range/quarters被害者遭到近距离枪杀。
But in the way they all　glared I could see hoe they'd come to hate my guts.
 glare at: 怒目而视
eg:He did not shout or swear, but just glared at me silently.他没有大喊，也没有叫骂，而是一言不发，愤怒地盯着我
hold out forever!
hold out: 抵抗，坚持
eg:　The whole village held out until the last man
　　他没有大喊，也没有叫骂，而是一言不发，愤怒地盯着我。
eg:　The refugees held out against the severe cold winter.　难民们熬过了那年冬天的严寒
7. Very soon now I'ddoze off and the instant that happened they'd jump on the little water that was left.
doze off: 打盹，小息
eg:The lecture was so boring that the audience began to doze off.讲座太乏味，听众开始打盹了
8. Yet I could see in their bloodshot eyes that they'd gladly kill me for those few drops
gladly: willingly:
eg:She would gladly pay more to travel by air　　她情愿多花钱乘飞机旅行
eg:I'm running out of money this month. Could you please land me some
　　我这个月的钱快花光了，你能借我点吗？
9. As a man I didn'tcount any more.
count: to be of value or importance 有价值，有意义
eg: First impressions of people do count 人们的最初印象确实重要
eg: We have only a few bullets left ,so make each one count
　　　我们只剩下几发子弹了，每一发都要真正派上用场
eg:Such men do not count for anything　这种人毫不足取。
10　 I was just the gun that kept them away from the water they craved
crave (for): 渴望
eg:The 15-year-old boy craves (for) a room of his own.那个15岁的少年渴望有一间属于自己的屋子。
eg： At the age of thirty, he had everything he had craved in his childhood.
   　　30岁的时候，他有了小时候渴望得到的一切。
11.And with their tongue swollen and their cheeks sunken, they were half crazy..
Half: used before an adjective describing an extreme quality, as a way of
emphasizing and exaggerating sth.用于表示极端状况的形容词前，强调并夸大某种情况，有点儿
eg: After a hard day's work, the poor girl was half dead with tiredness.
一天艰苦劳动之后，那个可怜的女孩都要累死了。
eg:　Give me something to eat. I'm half starved.　　快给我点东西吃，我都要饿死了
eg:　When she returned home she found the door half open.　　回到家她发现门半开着。
12. The way I judge it we must be some two hundred miles
The way I judge it：样子，方式
eg:I like the way she smiles.我喜欢她笑的样子。
eg:I don't like the way he speaks to his boss　　　我不喜欢他对上司说话的样子
13． Now that.the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy,and the morning sun was hot-so hot it scorched your skin.
Now that：既然，由于
eg: Now that you want to know the truth, I'll tell you about it.　既然你想知道真相，那我就告诉你。
14．My own tongue was thick enough to stop my throat
stop:突然的；堵住，堵死
eg:Let's stop the hole with some rags.　　用破布把那个洞堵上吧。
15. I'd have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.
I'd have given此句省略了虚拟条件句if I could allow myself to do so要是我能让自己这么做的话
16. As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for.
look forward to:期待，期盼
eg : Children are looking forward to the coming of holidays 　　孩子们在期盼着假日的到来
17. If I'd given in to the curses we'd have emptied the last canteen days ago.
give in to: 屈服于……
The authorities have shown no signs of giving in to the hijackers' demands
　　没有迹象表明当局要答应劫机者的要求
Parents should not often give in to their children's demands.当对子女的要求言听计从
Liu Hu-lan would rather die than give in. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。
18. in fact, he'd slept through most of the night----and Ienvied him
envy sb. sth:因……羡慕或嫉妒某人
eg:I envy Xiao Li his large vocabulary.　　　　我羡慕小李词汇量那么大
eg:We envy the old man his good health.　　　我们都羡慕那位老人身体好
19. We'll ration the rest of the water tonight
ration::定量供应，配给，分发
eg:Owing to the energy crisis, the city authorities decided to ration oil.
　　　源危机迫使市政当局决定限量使用汽油。　　
eg: young people today can hardly imagine why food had to be rationed in those days.
　　　今天的年轻人难以想像那时粮食为什么要定量供应
20.Couldn't he understand that if we waited until night the few drops wouldn't be sweated out of us so fast?
Couldn't 这是个否定疑问句，表示责备
eg:　Can't you stop making noises?　　难道你不能停止吵闹吗？
eg:Couldn't you ask about it yourself?　　你难道自己就不会问一下吗？
21. But Barrett was beyond all reasoning
beyond : 超出，出乎；为…所不能及
eg :　That's going beyond a joke　　这快超出玩笑的范围了
eg: He lives beyond his income.　他的生活月月超支。
eg:It's quite beyond my understanding　　这是我完全无法理解的
22. His mind had already on instinct
cracked with: 疯狂，愚蠢
23. I'd grabbed my gun on instinct
instinct:本能
eg:He put his hands to cover his eyes on instinct when he saw the strong light
　　　　当他看到这股强光，他本能地用手捂住眼睛.
24. But I was in command here----that was the difference
in command: in charge
eg: Who in command here? You or me?　　谁是这里管事的人？是你还是我？
eg: The police took command of the situation and arrested all the trouble-makers.
　　警察控制了局势，逮捕了所有的捣乱分子.
25. Each of the others could afford to think only of himself; I had to think of them all..
afford：(常与can连用)担当得起（损失、负担、后果等），可以（这样做）
eg:　He could not afford to offend his boss.　　他得罪不起老板。
eg:He could not afford to buy a bike then, but now he can afford to buy a car.
　　那时他连自行车都买不起，但现在他可以买得起汽车了
26.I hated him all the more because he'd slept .
all the more/better:更加，又如
eg:I like her all the more after that　　　从那件事后我更加喜欢她了
27. I slept the dayaway.
away: used to emphasize a continuous action
eg: Yesterday, they danced the night away.　　昨天他们跳舞跳了一夜。
He worked the morning away without knowing it.　　他不知不觉干了一上午。
28. So we were in our twenty-first night adrift-the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up...
pick up : 拿起，捡起
eg:Often he stopped to pick some small berries　他常常停下来摘浆果
eg:The whole family help pick cotton in the harvest season.在收获的季节里,全家人都参加摘棉花。
29. I've been holding off these apes all day.
hold off:与……保持距离；防备
eg:　The guards managed to hold the fans off until the pop star left.　保安挡住了歌迷让那位歌星离开。　
eg:　Let's hold off buying until we know more.　　还是等了解一下情况再买吧.

 
1.While traveling for various speaking engagements, I frequently stay overnightin the home of a family and am assigned to one of the children's bedrooms.-----On my speaking tour, I often stay in the house of a family for the night and I am given one of the children's bedrooms. 在我应邀到各地演说时,经常在别人过夜,往往被安排到这家孩子的一间卧室.
stay overnight:过夜
　eg: Jane's parents never allows her to stay overnight at any of her friends'
　　　　简的父母从不容光焕发许她在朋友家过夜.
　eg:It was too late, he had to stay overnight at the station.
2. no room for my small toilet kit.没有地方放我那小小洗漱包。
room:
eg: There is enough room in the car for 5 persons.　　　车里有足够的空间坐五个人。
　　Make room for　给...腾地方/空间
eg: Could you please make room for me?　　　　你能给我腾个地方吗？
3. And the closet is usually so tightly packed with clothes that I can barely squeeze in my jacket.------The closet is usually so full of clothes that I can hardly put my jacket in .
(1) be packed with 装满了
eg: The box is packed with books.　　 这个箱子装满了书
eg: The hall was packed with guests.大厅里挤满了人
4.I am not complaining, only making a point. 我并不是抱怨，只是表明一个看法。
(1) complain（of,about）抱怨，申诉
eg:The people in that area often complain about bad weather.那个地区的人们常常抱怨槽糕的天气。
(2) make a one's point 发表看法，证明立论
eg: Every one can make their points at the meeting. 每个人都可以发表自己的看法。
make a point of doing决心做，坚持做
5. I think that the tendency to give children an overabundance of toys and clothes is quite common in American families, and I think in far too many families not only do children come to take their parents' generosity for granted, but also the effects of this can actually be somewhat harmful to children.….
the tendency to do 做---的倾向
eg:The conditions in some schools have a tendency to improve.一些学校的条件呈现改善趋势
6. Children can also be overindulged with too many privileges---for example, when parents send a child to an expensive summer camp that parents can't really afford.
be overindulged with过分享受到
7 Parents who both hold down full-time jobs may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions.
(1)hold down a job:有稳定的工作；做好工作以保住饭碗
eg: He is always working hard to hold down his job.　　 他在努力工作以便保住工作。
(2) feel guilty about对....感到内疚
eg:He felt guilty about spoiling the computer of his friend's.　 他为弄坏了朋友的电脑感到内疚。
(3) shower sb. with sth. 给某人大量的:
When he returned with victory, our country showered him with great honors.
 当他凯旋归来时，国家给了他大量的荣誉。
8. Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up, along with those things the parents yearned for but did't get.
along with sth. /sb.:除此之外；同样；一起
eg: They got financial aid, along with encouragement.他们得到了资助，也得到了鼓励。
eg: He, along with his best friends, went to the party
9. Overindulgence of a child also happens when parents are unable to stand up to their children's unreasonable demands
stand up to 后面一般跟sb.,表示顶住某人要求等
eg:If you stand up to them, they will stop troubling you.　　　　 你要是顶住,他们就不会再麻烦你了。
stand up to sth.:（物质或物品）耐磨，耐用
In 1998, the dam stood up to the severest flood in history. 1998年，那个大坝经受了历史上最严重的洪水的考验
10. Such parents vacillate between saying no and giving in----but neither response seems satisfactory to them
vacillate between:（正式）犹疑
eg:She vacillated between her two admirers.　　　　　在两个追求者之间，她举棋不定。
11 If they refuse a request, they immediately feel a wave of remorse for having been so strict or ungenerous.
wave:波动，高涨
12. If they give in, they feel regret and resentment over having been a pushover.
pushover: someone who is easily influenced or defeated易被劝服（或击败、引诱、欺骗等）的人
eg: He was always trying new medicines and was a pushover for all the advertisements he saw.
　　　他总是在尝试新的药品，看到什么广告他都忍不住要试一试
13. This kind of vacillation not only impairs the parents' ability to set limits, it also sours the parent-child relationship to some degree, robbing parents and their children of some of the happiness and mutual respect that should be present in healthy families.….
impair: to damage sth.or make sth. weaker:
eg: The accident impaired his vision.　　　　那次事故损伤了他的视力
14.Instead, the effects of overindulgence can be harmful. Children may, to some degree tbecome greedy, self-centered, ungrateful and insensitive to the needs and feelings of others, beginning with their parents.
to some degree 在某种程度上
eg:I agree to your proposal to some degree.　　　　　我在一定程度上同意你的建议。
insensitive to:对……感觉迟钝；不敏感；不在乎
eg:Doctors found him insensitive to pain.　　　　　　医生发现他对疼痛不敏感。
15 When children are given too much, it undermines their respect for their parents.
undermine: to make sth./sb. gradually weaker or less effective破坏，毁坏
eg: These incidents could seriously undermine support for the police.
　　　　发生这么多事故会严惩影响人们对警察的支持。
16 if they push too hard, they will force their parents into setting limits.
force sb. into doing/to do强迫/迫使某人做某事
He was forced to sell his house to pay off his debts.　　　　　他被迫卖房子来还债 　　
17. They have fewer opportunities to learn the value of money ,and have less experience in learning to deal with a delay in gratification, it every requested object is given on demand.
have opportunities to do:有机会做的
eg:He had a lot of opportunities to communicate with foreigners when he was at
college.他在大学时，有许多机会与外国人交流。
have experience in doing
eg：He has a lot of experience of dealing with rejects.　　　他有处理退货问题的经验
18. Rather my intent is to help those parents who have already sensed that they might be overindulging their children but don't know how to stop-------My purpose is to offer some advice some advice to those parents who have somewhat realized that they are overindulging their children but don't know how to stop.
rather: adv.（用来修正或补充上文）并非那样，而是…，更确切地说
eg: He seemed pleased to hear the criticism. Or rather, he pretended to be pleased
19. Parents who are fortunate enough not to have a problem with feelings of guilt don't need to respond crossly to their children when denying a specific request which is thought to be unreasonable.
have a problem with有问题
20 It's the cheerfulness and lack of hesitation that impress upon the child that parents mean what they say.
impress sth. on/upon sb./one's mind/memory使某人对...明确无误，使铭记在脑海/记忆中
eg: The manager impressed upon the salesmen the importance of creating new markets.
　　经理使每个推销员深感到开辟新市场的重要。
21. A cross response signals that the parents are in inner conflict.------When parents reject an unreasonable request angrily, it shows that deep down they are not really sure whether or not they should do so
signal: to make sth. clear使清楚，表明
22. They only begin arguing and pestering when they detect uncertainty or guilt, and sense that their parents can be pushed to give them what they want, if they just keep at it.
push sb. to do /into doing sth.催促，鼓励或逼迫某人做
eg: The boy is a diligent student. His parents never have to push him to do his homework.
　 那少年是个用功的学生，他的家长根本不需要去催促他做作业
23.But the truth is that a child really wants parents to be in control and to act with conviction in a kind and loving fashion.
conviction: very firm opinion and belief深信，确信
He was a man of strong conviction.　　　他是一个信仰坚定的人。
24. In fact, I'll make a rash statement that I believe is true, by and large Children will abide by what their parents sincerely believe is right.
by and large：大体上，基本上，总的说来
eg:By and large, he has been doing well.　 总体上看，他还算是表现很好
abide by遵守（法律，决定），信守（诺言）
eg：The spokesman of the Tax Bureau impressed upon all businessmen and businesswomen that they must abide by the new tax regulation.　　　税务局的发言人让所有的商人明白他们必须遵守新的税务规定。　　　
25. But the truth is that a child really wants parents to be in control .........
be in control of: to direct, manage or rule负责，指挥
eg：Who is in control of the project?　　　　谁负责这项工程？
26. ......a kind and loving fashion.
fashion:a way of doing things方法，方式
eg: Don't speak to me in that fashion.　　　　　不要用那种方式同我讲话。
27.practice responding to your children's requests in a prompt, definite
prompt, without delay 即刻的，马上的，不拖延
definite，确定的，不模棱两可的
30. Once you turn over a new leaf you can't expect to change completely right away
turn over a new leaf: become a better person.改过自新
22. You are bound to vacillate at times.-------You are sure to hesitate sometimes between saying yes or no to your children's unreasonable demands.
Be bound to do: be certain to do肯定
eg: The weather is bound to improve in a day or two..　　　　　会一两天后天气肯定会好转。
23. The key is to be satisfied with gradual improvement, expecting and accepting the occasional slips that come with any change.
be satisfied with 满意
eg:Children are not easily satisfied nowadays. The more you give them, the more they want.
　　　　现在要让孩子们满意可不容易。给他们的越多，他们的欲望也就越多。
occasional slips:偶尔偏离你的正确做法
31. For a while they'll keep on applying the old pressures
Keep on doing：不停地做，反复做
eg:His children kept on pestering him with homework questions while he was working on a book.
他在写书时孩子们不断地来打扰他问他问题。 

L6 Culture Shock
Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most diseases, it has its own symptoms
culture shock:文化震荡
eg: John found life in China a bit of a culture shock at first.
　　　　约翰刚来时感到不太能适应中国的生活。
　　　　eg:It was too late, he had to stay overnight at the station.　　
2. In recovery, you learn the systems, procedures, language, or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it
cope with: deal with处理
3. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways with which we are familiar in the situation of daily life:
the/a thousand and one许许多多
eg: Please don't interrupt. I have got a thousand and one things to do this morning.
　　 请不要打搅，我今早有一大堆事要做。
4. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, often without our conscious awareness
depend on sb./sth. (for sth.):依靠，依赖……而获得
eg:The country depends on its oil-rich neighbours for its oil supply.
　　　　这个国家依靠其石油丰富的邻国供应石油。
eg: The man cannot read and write, and he depends on TV and radio for news.
　　　　　 这人不识字，他靠电视机和收音机获取新闻。
5. No matter how broad-minded a series of props have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.
No matter how broad-minded：No matter how不管怎样，broad-minded开通的6. People react to too many privileges---for example, when parents send a child to an expensive summer camp that parents can't really affo
react (to)起反应
　　eg:　The eye reacts to strong light.眼睛对强光有反应。
　　eg:The teacher's encouragement reacted on him.老师的鼓励对他起了作用
7 First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.
reject: to refuse to accept拒绝
eg: She refused to come with us.　　　 她拒绝同我们一起来。
8. When foreigners in a strange land get together to grumble about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.
grumble (to sb.) about/at/over sb./sth.: complain (to sb.) about sb./sth. in a bad-tempered way 发牢骚, 抱怨
eg: A lot of students grumble about heavy reading assignments.　　　　　许多学生发牢骚说阅读量太大。
eg: The people in that country are always grumbling about the dry weather.　那个国家的人们一直干旱的天气。9. Another symptom of culture shock is regression their children's unreasonable demands
regression:倒退，退缩
　　eg:At first she seemed to have given up smoking, but when she heard that her husband had lost all the money they had in gambling, she regressed.
　　起初，她好像已经戒了烟，可自从听说她的丈夫在一次赌博中把所有的钱输光之后，她又抽上了。
10. Such parents vacillate between saying no and giving in----but neither response seems satisfactory to them
vacillate between:（正式）犹疑
　　eg:She vacillated between her two admirers.
　　　　　在两个追求者之间，她举棋不定.
11 The home environment suddenly takes on a tremendous importance
Now that it is remodeled, the house has taken on a new look.:
　　经过改建，这栋房子的面目焕然一新
12. fear of physical contact withattendants; the absent-minded stare;
　be in (make) contact with与...取得联系，联络，交往，接触
　　　eg:He tried to make contract with me when he was in Beijing, but failed.
　　　　他在北京时，试图与我取得联系，但未能联系上。
13. Although not common there are individuals who cannot live in foreign countries.
common普遍的， 共同的， 平常的
14.You may notice several superficial differences such as music, food, and clothing, and the fresh appeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive.
　appeal: attraction, interest吸引，呼吁， 上诉
　　eg: The government appealed to the whole society to pay attention to the environment.
　　　　　政府呼吁全社会都要关注环境
positive: showing confidence and optimism积极的，肯定的，正面的
　　　eg:positive attitude/feeling/response
15 If you are a real tourist, you probably do not stay long enough for this phase to wear off but go on to the next new location or experience
wear off: diminish, get less逐渐消失
eg: The child's interest in the game soon wore off.　　那孩子对这个游戏的兴趣很快就消失了。
16 ... the crisis stage-in which the shine wears off and day-to-day realities sink in .
　sink in 被理会，被理解
Colin paused, letting the meaning of words sink in.
　科林停了一下，以便大家充分理解这番话的意思。
17 in a new country, you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases.
　barriers to (doing sth.):做某事的障碍
　　eg:He has some barriers in speaking.他在语言上有些障碍。
beyond: more than; part from
　　eg：I didn't know anything about her beyond her nationality.
除了知道她是哪国人之外我对她一点也不了解.
18. However, if you stick with the experience
stick with sth.:继续做，继续支持
　　eg: Stick with it and you'll win in the end.　　　　　坚持到最后就会胜利。
19. on the basis of some mastery, competence, and comfort.
on the basis of: 基于（某一事实或情况）,由于有问题:
　　eg:He's recently been made public relations manager on the basis of his performance
　　基于他不凡的业绩，他最近被任命为公关部经理.
20 using some phrases that are unique to English people.
unique to: only　唯一的，独特的
eg: His interpretation of the screenplay is unique.他对剧本的解释很独特。
21. Finally, the fourth, or adjustment phase occurs when you fell that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture.
function：The computer is not functioning properly.这台电脑不能正常运行。
22. If you stay long enough on a visit from a big city to a small town or, the other way round..
 the other way round: vice versa 反过来也一样，反之亦然
23. so that they never get very far away from the honeymoon stage of culture shock. It is very pleasant to travel and to try out and explore whatever is new.
so that引导结果状语从句
try out sth. (on sb.):试验:偶尔偏离你的正确做法。
　　　eg: They tried out the new medicine on dogs.
24. They only begin arguing and pestering when they detect uncertainty or guilt, and sense that their parents can be pushed to give them what they want, if they just keep at it.
push sb. to do /into doing sth.催促，鼓励或逼迫某人做
　　　eg: The boy is a diligent student. His parents never have to push him to do his homework.
　　　 那少年是个用功的学生，他的家长根本不需要去催促他做作业。
25 when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people.
1) shake hands (with):与某人握手
　　I shook hands in turn with the people who came to the station to meet me. 我和到车站接我的人一一握手。　
26. when and how to give tips how to go shopping, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, what their parents sincerely believe is right.
2) give tips给小费，提建议
　　eg:Do we have to give tips to the waiter after dinner? 我们吃完饭用给服务生小费吗？
accept and when to refuse invitations,接受/拒绝邀请
27 our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept
we speak 和we accept定语从句修饰the language 和 the beliefs.
28. Finally, the fourth, or adjustment phase occurs when you fell that you without our conscious awareness
without our conscious awareness在我们自己没有意识到的情况下。
29........ a series of props have been knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.
a series of一系列
30. they are suffering from culture shock
He walked in on tiptoe for fear of waking the baby.
31. fear of physical contact with attendants; the absent-minded stare
(for)fear of
 He walked in on tiptoe for fear of waking the baby.
32 Kalvero Oberg describes four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those which they are accustomed
be/get/become accustomed to sth.: be/get/become familiar with sth.
　Soon we all got accustomed to Prof. Wang's way of teaching.
　我们很快都熟悉了王教授的教法。
　　

L7 The Model Millionaire
 
1. Unless one is wealthy there is no use in beingmight be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most diseases, it has its own symptoms
there /it is no use (in) doing:做……是没有用的/没有意义的
eg: There is no use in complaining without doing anything.光抱怨不做事是没用的。
2. Romance is the privilege of the rich, not the profession of the unemployed.
This company has the privilege of dealing the import and export of chemicals.
　　 这家公司有经营化工产品进出口的特权。: deal with处理
3. These are the great truths of modern life which Hughie Erskine never realized.
truth道理,真理
4. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, often without our conscious awareness
depend on sb./sth. (for sth.):依靠，依赖……而获得
eg:　The country depends on its oil-rich neighbours for its oil supply这个国家依靠其石油丰富的邻国供应石油。
have sth. as one's food以什么为主食eg:　 Most southern people live on rice.多数南方人以大米为主食。
5. He never said a clever or even an ill-natured thing in his life.
ill-natured: unpleasant or unkind怀着恶意的，脾气坏的eg:He is an ill-natured old man.他是个坏脾气的老人。
6. He was as popular with men as he was with women and he had every quality except that of making money.
popular with/among:受欢迎的，讨喜欢的，流行的
　　eg:　The young teacher is very popular among the students.　这位年轻的教师很受学生的欢迎。
7 His father, on his death had left him his sword and a history of a particular war in fifteen volumes.
on(sb.'s death):刚一……
8. lived on two hundred pounds a year that an old aunt allowed him.
live on:A. depend on sth. for financial support依靠什么作为经济来源:
　　　eg:　　The five people family had to live on Father's salary of 500yuan a month.
这个五口人的家庭仅仅靠父亲一个人每月500元的工资生活。
　　　eg: The people in that country are always grumbling about the dry weather
　　　　　那个国家的人们一直干旱的天气。
9.He had gone on the Stock Exchange for six months; but what was a butterfly to do among bulls and bears?
bulls and bears指有经验的股票投机者。
　　eg:a bear market: when the value of business shares is falling 熊市
　　　a bullish market牛市
10. but he had soon tired of that.
Tire of 厌倦，厌烦
　　eg:His interest in the stock exchange soon wore off, and he tired of the business.
　　　　　他对股票交易的兴趣很快消失，对此感到厌倦。
11 To make matters worse, he was in love.
Make matters/ things worse:使原来就尴尬、不妙、甚至危险的状况更糟糕
12. The girl he loved was Laura Merton, the daughter of a former attendants; the absent-minded stare;
former前面的，以前的 　　　　the former president前总统
13. They were the handsomest couple in London, and had not a penny between them.
between:共同，一起，合作
eg: They opened a small restaurant between them.他俩合伙开了一个小饭馆。　那次事故损伤了他的视力
14. He had been very much attracted by Hughie at first, it must be admitted
attract吸引，引起: attraction, interest吸引
　　eg: The scenery here is attractive.这里的景色很迷人。
admit：承认
　　　eg:He admitted his mistakes to the teacher
15 IThe only people a painter should know he used to say used to say, are people who are beautiful,
Used to do 过去常常　　eg: He used to get up late.　　　那孩子对这个游戏的兴趣很快就消失了.
16 ... However, after he got to know Hughie better, he liked him quite as as much for his bright, cheerful spirits, and his generous, careless nature.
As much as: 和……同样程度， 一样，差不多
　　 It is as much your responsibility as ours.　这是你们的责任，同样也是我们的责任。 　
17 When Hughie came in he found Trevor putting the finishing touches to a wonderful life-size picture of a beggar-man.
touch: 点缀
eg:Wait a minute, please. I'm just putting the finishing touches to the dress.请等一下，这件连衣裙剩下几针就好了。
life-size与实物一样大小的 　　 　the life-size statue与真人一样大小的塑像
18. Over his shoulder wasthrown a rough coat, all torn and full of holes; his thick boots were old and patched; and with one hand he leant on a rough stick, while with the other he held out his battered hat for money.
hold out sth./hold sth. out: 伸出　　　　　eg: Tom held out his cup for a refill
19. An amazing model?" shouted Trevor at the top of his voice "I should think so!"
at the top of one's voice以某人最大的声音/嗓门
20 What a picture Rembrandt would have made of him!
Make a picture of sb.将某人画下来。
21. I tell you that there are moments when art almost reaches the importance of manual work.
I tell you/I can tell you/ I'm telling you用来强调已经说的或后面要说的话
　　　eg: I will never do such a thing, I tell you.告诉你，我决不会做这样的事。
　　　eg: I can tell you, if you give up this opportunity, you will regret.　你要是真放弃这次机会，你会后悔的。
22. The old beggar-man took advantage of Trevor's absence to rest for a moment on a wooden seat that was behind him.
take advantage of sth.: to make full use of sth.
eg: I intend to take full advantage of this trip to buy the things we need.
我打算好好利用这交旅行买些我们需要的东西。
23. He looked so miserable that Hughie pitied him, and felt in his pockets to see what money he had.
pity（动词）怜悯，同情，可怜
Feel( about/around)(for sb./ sth.)（用手、脚或棍子去）寻找/摸
　　　eg: He felt in his briefcase for a pen.他在公文包里找一枝笔。
24. slipped the pound into the beggar's hand
Slip: put sth. somewhere, esp. quickly, quietly or secretly
　　　eg:The strange man slipped a small note into my hand.　那个陌生人悄悄地把一张小条塞进我的手里。
25 The old man startled and a faint smile passed across his lips.
startle (up): jump up suddenly惊跳起来，使大吃一惊
　　I was startled at his sudden knocking loudly at the door.　他的突然大声敲门吓了我一跳。
26. He spent the day with Laura, was charmingly blamed for how to go shopping, when to giving away one pound, and bad to walk home.
be blamed for　因……而受到责备
　eg:He was blamed by his parents for his failure in the entrance exams.
　　　　 他因在这次入学考试中没有考好而受到父母的责备。
give sth. away : to give sth. free of charge
eg: He gave away all his mother's books away when she died.他母亲去世后他把她的书都送给别人了。
27. What an amazing model!" whispered Hughie, as he shook hands with his friend.
What (an/a)+n.感叹句，修饰名词
28. Such beggars are not met with every day……
meet with（偶尔）遇到，碰到；得到，遭受
　　 Such animals are rarely met with in the north.这种动物很难在北方看到。
　　　I sometimes meet him in the library.我偶尔在图书馆碰到他。
　　　These bad habits have met with strong condemning from the public.这些坏习惯遭到了公众的谴责。
29....I think the model should have a percentage
have a percentage：have a share分成，有份
30. I tell you that there are moments when art almost reaches the importance of manual work.
there are moments when有时， 有这样的时候
31.It is better to have a permanent income than to be attractive
permanent income，permanent 永久的，长期的
32. Poor Hughie ！ Intellectually,.....
Intellectually从智力来说,从智力上看
33. He had gone on the Stock Exchange for six months; but what was a butterfly to do among bulls and bears?
butterfly: someone who usually moves on quickly from one activity or person to another轻浮的人
34.That did not answer......
　answer: to be a way of dealing or solving a problem解决问题的办法依
35. At last he became nothing, a delightful, useless young man with a perfect face and no profession.
最后他一事无成，落得没有职业，只有一张完美的脸蛋，成了一个可爱的窝囊废。(注意对照法的运用：a delightful与useless，a perfect face 与no profession形成对照。)
第一段介绍了主人公休吉o厄斯金的基本情况：他智力一般，长相极好，也有人缘，但就是有会赚钱。读者对他的印象只可能是不好不坏。开头的描述是为了突出他后来的所作所为。学生可以参见以前所学的课文描写主人公亨利o格朗德时所用的技巧。
36. To make matters worse, he was in love.
　be in love (with)谈恋爱，（与……）相爱
　　eg:He is in love with a girl from countryside.　　　　 他与一个来自农村的女孩相爱了。 

L8 The Model Millionaire(‖)
……and found Trevor sitting by himself in the smoking room drinking.
sitting现在分词，作宾语补足语
Smoking room:(俱乐部内)为吸烟的成员所设饮酒、谈话的场所。
eg: 此处drinking是现在分词，作状语表示伴随，修饰sitting...。在英语里drink后面如果不跟任何表示饲料的名词，则表示饮酒，试比　　　　较下列例句drink的意思：
　 eg: --Would you like some sherry?　　　 您想喝点雪利酒吗？
　 eg: --No thanks. I don’t drink.　　　 谢谢，我不喝酒。　 　
　 eg:　Xiao Han neither smokes nor drinks.　　　 小韩既不抽烟，也不喝酒。
　　eg: He drinks too much.　　　　 他饮酒太多。
　　eg: He was so thirsty that he drank two bottles of mineral water.　　　 他太渴了，喝了两瓶矿泉水。
2.“Well , Alan, did you finish the picture　all right?” “艾伦，你的画画完了吗？”
 all right: in a satisfactory manner; satisfactorily（副词）以满意的方式；（形容词）令人满意的
eg: Are you getting along all right with your college friends?你和大学里的朋友关系还行吗？
eg:I think her performance is quite all right.我觉得她的表演相当令人满意。
All right在不同的场合用不同的语调表达不同的意思，学生要根据上下文确定其意思。
3.“I　shall .probably find him waitingfor me when I go home, but, of course, you are only joking.”我回到家没准会看到他 在等我呢。不过，你只不过是开玩笑罢了。（休吉责备特里沃不应该把住址告诉乞丐，怕乞丐到他家里去找他，继而他觉得他的朋 友不可能 把自己的地址告诉那乞丐。）
shall情态动词，表示“可能”
eg:If you shall meet him, please let him know I want him. 万一你见到他，告诉他，我有事找他。
waiting现在分词，作宾语补足语
4. Poor old fellow! I wish I could do something for him. 哎，那老头真可怜，我真希望我能帮帮他。（ 休吉的确有一副好心肠， 他不再追问朋友是否真的把他的一切告诉了那乞丐，却立刻想起了那老头如何可怜。）
wish:虚拟语气，表示愿望eg:　I wish I had a million yuan. 我要是有一百万就好了。
eg:　I wish I could fly. 我要是会飞就好了。
eg:　He wished he had passed all the exams. 　他要是通过了所有的考试该有多好啊。
5.I think it terrible that any one should be so miserable. 一个人居然会那么悲惨真是太不幸了。
should表示“可能会”“居然”“竟然”eg:　It is strange/a pity/odd……that ……should……
eg:　It is strange that he should know the answer. 　真奇怪，他竟然知道答案。
eg:　It is a pity that he should fail the exam. 真遗憾，他竟没有通过考试。
6.“I have got　heaps of old clothes at home-do you think he would care for any of them? Why, his rags were falling to bits.” ...I have got a lot of old clothes at home-do you think he would like to have any of them? Well, his clothes were almost rags. 我家里有很多旧衣服，你认为他会喜欢吗？唉，他的衣服已经破得不成样了。
heap of: (informal) a large quantity of（非正式）大量的，许多　
heaps of time/trouble/experience无数时间/麻烦/经历
would（用于句首，比较委婉说法） Would you (like to) do……
fall: being to be sth.（系动词）开始变成……
eg:　fall asleep睡着    fall ill 生病   fall silent静了下来   fall victim成了受害者
to bits: into small pieces成了碎片　
eg:　 She tore the letter to bits without even reading it. 那封信她没有看就撕成了碎片。
eg:　The ancient book fell to bits as soon as it was taken out of the grave. 那部古书
7.“But he looks splendid　in them,” said Trevor. “不过他穿着那身衣服看起来棒极了，”特里沃说。
In: 穿着The girl in red is Mary.穿红色衣服的那个女孩是玛丽。
8.I should never want to paint him in a frock coat for anything 他要是身着长礼服，我说什么也不会画他。
not/never...for anything:（口语）决不，肯定不　eg:　The old man wouldn’t leave his home village for anything.　　　　 那老人死活也不肯离开自己的家乡。　　eg:　This time I wouldn’t give in for anything. 　　 这回我决不妥协。
eg:　The man said that he would never sell that Rembrandt painting for anything.
 那人说他决不会卖掉那幅伦勃朗的作品
eg:　He says he will never give up smoking for anything. 他说他决不会戒烟。
此处should表示certainty，肯定。
9.“...you painters are a　heartless lot　” 你们画家真是一帮铁石心肠的人。...you painters are a group of people who have no sympathy for others/the poor.
heartless unkind, without pity铁石心肠的
　　　lot:（口语）一群具有相同特征的人
　　　eg: 　The Grounds were a handsome lot.　　　　　　格朗德一家人长得都很帅。
　　　eg:　Luckily for me ，Mother and Father held out against the lot of them.
　　　　　 父亲和母亲没有听从这帮人的劝告，这对我来说是十分幸运的。
10．“An artist’s heart is his head,” replied Trevor; “and besides, our business　is to show the world as we see it, not to make it better...”----- “An artist is guided by his judgement not by his emotions,” said Trevor; “and besides, our work is to present the world honestly, not to improve it...” 艺术家的心肠是他的头脑。（艺术家受理智而不受感情的支配。 heart代表感情，head代表理智。）我们的任务是反映客观世界，而不是美化世界。（这几句话都反映了王尔德的艺术观点。）
business：事情，事
　　　　It’s none of your business.这不关你的 　　　　　 Mind your own business.少管闲事。
　　 Let’s come down to business.我们言归正传吧。
11.You don’t mean to say you talked to him about her? 你不会真的跟他谈起了劳拉吧？
用陈述句的语序加问号构成的一般疑问句用升调，表示问话的人想对方确认他的话
　　eg: You are a writer?　　你是个作家吧？（问话人认为对方是作家，想得到确认。）
　　eg: You are not going to Dalian with the rest of you family?　 你不和家里的人一起去大连吧？
　　mean to say: admit readily愿意承认（一般用于疑问句）
　　eg: You don’t mean to say I am unfair?你是说我不公平吗？
    eg: Do you mean to say you’ve given up your job?　　　 你真的是放弃了你的那份工作？
　 eg: You don’t mean to say you hit her?　　　 你当真打了她？
12. That old beggar, as you call him is one of the richest men in Europe. 你称为老乞丐的那个人是欧洲的大富翁。
as you call him:　插入主句中的定语从句，as是关系代词，代表old beggar,在从句中作宾语him的补足语。as作关系代词往往表示整个主句。
　　 eg:The situation in the country, as the president has pointed out, is improving.
　　　　 正如总统所指出的那样，这个国家的形势一天天好起来。
　 　eg:The earth, as we all know, moves around the sun.正如我们知道的那样，地球绕着太阳转。
　 　eg:The environmental problems, as our government has promised, have been improved a lot.
　　　　 正如政府所许诺的那样，环境问题有了很大的改善。
13．What on earth do you mean? 你到底是什么意思？
how/why/where/who, etc+ on earth/in the world表示强调/加强语气
　　eg: What on earth are you doing?　　　　你到底在干什么？
　　eg:How on earth did she manage that? 　　　　她究竟是怎么把事情办成的？
　　eg:Where in the world have you been?　　　　你到底跑到哪里去了？
14．He is a great friend of mine, buys all my pictures and　that sort of thing　他是我的好朋友，买我所有的作品等等．
that sort/kind of thing:类似的其他事情
　eg:In the summer camp, the children go swimming ,play games, that sort of thing. 孩子们在夏令营游泳、玩游戏等。
　eg:Participants in the short-term course attend lectures, have discussions, that sort of thing.
　　　 短训班的学员听课、讨论以及进行其他类似的活动。
15..gave me a commission a month ago to paint him as a beggar. 一个月之前他给了我一笔佣金，叫我把他画成个乞丐。----- ...a month ago he told me to paint a picture of him as a beggar.
commission: a formal request to sb. to design or make a piece of work such as a building or a painting　佣金
16. It is the whimof a millionaire. You know these rich men.------ Millionaires often suddenly want to do such unusual things. 这当然是百万富翁一时心血来潮的怪念头，你知道这帮阔老爷是会做这种事的。
whim: a sudden feeling that you would like to do or have esp.
　　eg : When there is on particularly important and good reason. 　　　　　心血来潮
　　eg : We decided, on a whim, to fly to Hainan.　　　　我们一时心血来潮决定乘飞机去海南。
　　eg : Lately, the president has been firing and picking new ministers at whim.
　　　　　最近，总统总是凭一时心血来潮任免部长。
17. …he sank in an arm-chair　the picture of　dismay. 他跌坐进一把扶手椅，一幅惊恐的模样。
the picture of dismay在句中作主语he的补足语。
 the picture of一幅……样子/模样
　 the picture of health/ innocence/ despair, etc.: look very healthy, etc.看起来很健康/无辜/绝望等
　　eg : Wearing rags and holding out his hat for money, the old model was the picture of misery.
　　　　 身着破衣烂衫，伸出帽子讨钱，这老模特的模样十分悲惨。 　　
　　 eg : With flowers in his hands and dozens of former students around him, the old man is the very picture of happiness and content. 手捧鲜花，被几十个以前教过的学生簇拥着，那位老人简直是幸福和满足的化身.
18. …he　burst into a roar of laughter. 他放声大笑起来。 burst into:（突然）放声（大笑、高唱、痛哭）
　　 eg : He burst into tears when he heard the news.　　　　　 听到那消息后，他放声大哭。
　　 eg : As soon as Mr. Adams entered, his Chinese colleagues burst into singing:“Happy birthday to you!”
　　　　　亚当斯先生一进来，他的中国同事就高唱起来：“祝你生日快乐！”
　　 eg : He burst into tears.　　　　　 他突然哭了。
　　 eg : He burst into running.　　　　　 他突然拔腿就跑。 　　
19. “...you’ll never see it again. His business　is with other men’s money.”------ He invests other men’s. (Most likely he is a broker-a person who buys and sells things, for example, shares in a business, for other people. Maybe he is a banker or he runs an investment company, or that sort of thing.) .你的那一英镑是拿不回来了，他做的是别人的钱的生意。（前一句话是开开 玩笑，后一句指他是银行家或是经营投资公司。）
business　生意，商业
　　　　bushiness school商学院　　　　business hours营业时间 　　　　go into business从事商业，下海经商　　
20.“I think you ought to have toldme, Alan,” said Hughie in a bad temper, “and have let me make such a fool of myself”
“艾伦，你为什么不早告诉我？”休吉生气地说。“你不应该让我出丑。”
ought to have done sth.: should have done表示过去应该做而没有做的事（有责备的含义）。
　　　eg:You should have handed in your paper last week.　　　　你本应该上个星期把论文交上来。
　　　eg:He ought to have finished his work yesterday.　　　 他本应该昨天就完成工作。
　make a fool of oneself: 因干愚蠢的事而丑
　　eg:At the party, he drank too much, and made a fool of himself.　在聚会时，他喝酒太多，闹出不少笑话。
　　eg:If you go to the funeral in this dress, you’ll make a fool of yourself.
　　　　你要是穿这件连衣裙去参加葬礼，你会出丑的。
21. It never entered my mind that you went about giving money awayin that careless manner. 我真没想到你会这样随便乱给别人钱。
that从句是主语，it为形式主语。
 it never entered my mind / head that:（口语）我从未想到……（表示惊讶）
eg:It never entered my mind that the much admired TV star was a secret agent.
我没有想到那位倍受崇拜的电视明星居然是个间谍。
go about sth./ doing sth.:做；着手做
　　eg:It’s a difficult job. I don’t know how to go about it.　　　　这工作很棘手，我还不知道该怎么着手去做。
　　eg: How is the family going to going about getting the money for the boy’s operation?
　　　　这家人怎么着手去为那男孩子筹集手术费？
give sth. away: to give sth. free of charge白给；赠送
eg:He gave away all his mother’s books away when she died.　　　 他母亲去世后他把她的书都送给别人了。 　　　eg:He gave a lot of his books away to people who need but can not afford them.
　　　 他把不少的藏书送给了那些需要但买不起这些书的人。 　　　
eg:Cf. give sth.to sb. He gave all his books to the school library.　　　 他把他所有书都捐献给学校图书馆了。
不能说：He gave away all his books to the school library. 　
22.I can understand　your kissing a pretty model, but your giving money to an ugly one-------, no! 你要是亲吻一个漂亮的模特我能理解，不过给一个丑陋的模特钱，真不能理解！
Kissing……, giving……动名词的复合结构
23.“...You know he wasn’t in full dress! ...he was in rags. He was not in normal clothes. 你是知道的，他当时穿着可是不雅观。
in full dress:礼服，正式场合的穿着（此处指有身份的人一般穿戴的衬衫、西服领带等）。
　　　　eg:　He should be in full dress going to such a party.　　　　 他出席这样的晚会应当穿讲究点。
24. He was in the highest spirits after you left; kept laughing to himself and rubbing his old wrinkled hands together. 你走之后，他的心境极佳，不断对自己大笑，一个劲地那布满皱纹的双手。
in high spirits:情绪、心境很好，情绪高昂　
　eg:　 The children are in high spirits when they are playing the game.　　　　 孩子们玩游戏的时候特别高兴。
　eg:　 He is in high spirits when talking about his son.　　　　 一谈论他的儿子他就情绪高昂。
laughing to oneself:对自己乐。　talk to oneself自言自语；　think to oneself自思自量。
25. He’ll　invest　your poud for you, Hughie, pay you the interestevery six months, and have a wonderful story to tell after dinner. 他会用你的那一英镑去投资，每六个月给你付一次利息，茶余饭后把 这件奇闻趣事当故事讲给别人听。（这里特里沃是在善意发取笑休吉，和他开玩笑，那位百万翁究竟会如何回报 那一英镑他也没有想到。）
invest投资，投入      interest利息
26. “I’m an unlucky evil... ”
devil: (used for emphasis when expressing one’s opinion)a person
　　 a poor devil可怜的人儿　　 a little devil娇小的人儿
27.“I shouldn’t dare to show my face if people knew ”
　If people knew I had given a pound to a millionaire, how they would laugh at me, and how I 　could face their ridicule.　
28.However, Hughie wouldn’t stay, but walked home, feeling very unhappy, and leaving Alan Trevorhelpless withlaughter. 可是，休吉再也呆不下去了，他满面愁容走回了家，把艾伦?特里沃乐得喘不上气来。
helpless with: unable to control a strong feeling one has
　　　　　　　　　（做Alan Trevor的补足语）控制不住强烈的情感，如大笑，大怒、绝望等。
　eg:　He went away helpless with despair.　　　 他绝望地离开了。
29. …a card　on which was written, “Monsieur Gustave Naudin for M. le BaronHausberg.” 写有“霍斯勃格男爵先生之代表古斯塔夫?诺丁先生”的一张名片。
　on which... 为定语从句，修饰card。 We are in a real jam. 我们的麻烦大了。
for sb.: on behalf of sb.作为……的代表
　　 　　 eg:　 Let me say a few words for my school.　　　　　 让我代表我的几句话。
　　　　　 M是 Monsieur的缩写，le是法语的一个冠词，相当于英语的the。
30. “I suppose he has come for　an apology,”... “I think the man has come because the Baron wanted me to apologize formy foolish behavior yesterday (giving him one pound),”...
for表示目的
　　eg: He went to London for holidays.　　　　 他去伦敦度假去了。
31.slight French　accent
accent: the way someone pronounces the words of a language, or his intonation showing which country or which part of a country he comes from乡音,口音
　　 Cf. dialect: a variety of a language spoken only in one area, in which words or one area, in which words or one area, in which words or grammar are slightly different from other forms of the same language方言
32. Have I the honour ofspeaking to Monsieur Erskine? 您是厄斯金先生吗？
have the honour of doing sth.:（正式）荣幸……
 eg:I am very happy to have the honour of speaking to you today. 　　　　 今天我有幸给你们讲话十分高兴。
 eg:At the conference, I had the honour of meeting a number of writers I admire.
　　　　 会上我很荣幸发见到几位我崇敬的作家。 　　
 eg: I have the honour of being invited to take part in the party.　　　　　我很荣幸被邀请来参加这个晚会。
33.“The Baron,” said the old gentleman with a smile, has commissioned me to bringyou this letter... 委托我把这封信交给您。（这是很正式的说法）
commission sb. to do sth.: to formally ask someone to do sth.正式委托某人做
34. On the outside was written “A wedding present to Hugh Erskine and Laura Merton, from an old beggar,” and inside was a cheque for ten thousand pounds. 信封上写着：“休?厄斯金与劳拉?默顿新婚志喜。一老乞丐贺”，信封内是一张1万英镑的支票。
On the outside was written, inside was a两个并列句均为倒装句。
　　Hugh是常见的男性名字，是其昵称，Hughie特别正式场合一般不用昵称。
35．... Alan Trevor was thebest man...
best man: a male friend or relative of a bridegroom who assists him at his wedding男傧相
　　Cf.: bridesmaid女傧相
36. “Millionaire　models ” remarked Alan, “are rare enough; but model millionaires are rarer still! ”------- “There is hardly a millionaire who wants to be painted as a beggar; it is even more difficult to find a millionaire who knows how to use his money wisely. ” said Alan. “百万富翁的模特实已罕见，”艾伦说，“不过模范百万富翁更是凤毛麟角了！”
此处model一词是双关语： artist’s model （画家的模特）和perfect example（模范）。
are: unusual, not common稀罕的，稀有的，不常见的
　Pandas are rare animals in the world.熊猫是世界上的稀有动物。
　　这最后一句话，作者又借画家之口，用一双关词（兼有“模特”与“模范”、“楷模”的意思 ），巧妙发点出了故事的主题思想。百富翁要画家将其画成可怜兮兮的乞丐，竟意想不到发引起一个青年的同情与施舍，青年人的滴水之恩，引来了“老乞丐”的厚报，其人其事令人耳目一新；善良青年自己的生活捉襟见肘，却将最后一个英镑毫不犹疑地给了一个素不相识的乞丐，此举值得称道。什么叫富？家产万贯，却一毛不拔，非富；拥有良田万顷，却为富不仁，更非富有；无论你的财产是多，还是少，只要乐于给予，才是真正富有。

L9 Only Three More Days
My Berlin diary for December was limited tofour words.我12月2日 柏林日记只有四个词。
be limited to:仅限于，限制在……范围之内，又如：
eg:His stay in the city is limited to 4 days a month. 他每个月在这座城市只可停留4天。
eg:Their reading is limited to computer science and telecommunications.
他们阅读的范围仅限于计算机科学与（远距离）电讯。
2. The Foreign Office still　holding up my passport and exit visa which worries meDid my last broadcast from Berlin tonight.外交部仍然压着我的护照和出境签证，真叫人担心。今晚在柏林进行了最后 一次广播。 注意日记体的特点。写日记的目的一般是记录下对自己来说比较重要的事件，只要自己能看明白就 行，所以往往用省略句。第一句省略了谓语动词一部分is，第二句主语I省略。日记中的I经常省略，又如第四段 中的Got my passport and official permission to leave tomorrow。有时主语和动词全省略，如 （I had） Nothing to do but pack.
hold up:使延误，阻止，
　eg: The storm held up our flight for 40 minutes. 那场暴风雨使我们的航班延误了40分钟。
eg:They had been held up on the road by an accident so they were late.
他们在路上因一起车祸而耽误了时间，因此迟到了。
eg: I do hope my application for leave won’t be held up too long.
希望我请假的申请尽早批下来。
which worries me是定语从句，关系代词 which代表整个主句的意思
eg: He said he was busy, which was true. 他说他很忙，这倒是真的。
eg: James Watt watched a steaming kettle for quite a while, which rather annoyedhis aunt.
詹姆斯?瓦特楞着看那冒气的水壶看了好长一段时间，这使他的姑妈很恼火。
“...Nothing to do now but pack.”------- ...The only thing that remains to be done is packing. 省略， 　 （I had） Nothing to do but pack.
Nothing (to do) but 除了…什么也不能做，只能
eg: He could do nothing but wait. 他只能等。
eg: he boy did nothing at home but watch TV. 这孩子在家里除了看电视什么也不做
pack (up): to put things into cases, boxes, etc. for taking somewhere or for storing.装，打行李，准备行装
eg:　I forgot to pack my toothpaste. 我忘把牙膏装在行李里。
eg:　We’re off to Greece tomorrow and I haven’t even started packing yet.
明天我们就要去希腊了，可是现在我还没有开始收拾东西呢。 Unpack打开（包裹，行李，箱子）
4. For weeks I had thought over how to　get my diaries safely out ofBerlin.几个星期以来我一直在考虑如何安全地把我的日记弄出柏林。
had thought　过去完成时，表示一直在考虑
　　 think sth. over/ think over what, when, how, etc.: consider sth. carefully before reaching a decision
　 （决定之前）仔细考虑，
eg:　I hope you’ll think the matter over. It’s a big decision to take. 希望你仔细考虑这件事，这可是个重大的决定。
eg:　He lay in bed, thinking over what to do next.　　　　 他躺在床上琢磨下一步该怎么办。
eg:　Whatever you do, you must think it over before doing it.　　　　 不管你做什么，都要三思而后行。
get(sth./ sb.)out of: move (sth./ sb.)out of把……弄出来
eg: 　The fire brigade managed to get all the children out of the burning building.
消防队员们把所有的孩子从那栋正被熊熊大火吞没的楼房救了出来。
eg:　We must get these rare animals out of the place before the flood.
　　　我们必须赶在洪水到来之前把那些珍稀动物撤走。
eg:　The door wouldn’t open, and five people couldn’t get out of the lift.门打不开了，有五个人在电梯里出不来。

　　eg:　　The driver could not be got out of the car because of the damaged door.
　　　　　　　　 由于车门受损，无法把驾驶员从车里弄出来。
5.There was enough in them to get me hanged ----if Gestapo ever discovered them.------ They would kill me for what I had written about Nazi Germany in my diaries. 是盖世太保发现了我的日记，那里面有足以把我送上绞刑架的内容。
 Gestapo: the secret police force used by the state in Germany during the Nazi period. 　　 the Gestapo:臭名昭著的纳粹德国时期的秘密警察，希特勒镇压、残害进步人士及犹太人的工具，罪恶昭彰。
　　 Get sth. done= have sth. done, to get me hanged,修饰enough。绞刑是纳粹德国时期实施死刑的重要方式。
eg:　We must get everything arranged before the meeting.　　　　　我们要在会议前把一切安排好。
eg: 　Hang, hung, hung　挂，　　　　　 hang, hanged, hanged 上吊，绞刑
6. The morning I got my passport and exit visa I realized I had less than twenty-four hours to　figure out　a way of getting 　 my Berlin diaries out.
　 我拿到护照和出境签证的那天上午，我就意识到我只剩下不到24小时，在这么短的时间必须想出办法，把我的柏林日记带出德国。
figure out: to think about a problem or solution until you find the answer or understand what has happened　 想出办法,计算出
eg:　Can you figure out how to start this machine?　　　 你能想出如何启动这台机器的办法吗？
eg:　It took me hours to figure those algebra problems out. 我花了几个小时才解出那些代数题来。
7.Suddenly, later that morning, the solution became clear. I suddenly thought of a way to solve the problem later that morning. / I suddenly figured out a way to solve the problem later that morning.那天上午晚些时候，办法突然明朗了。
Solution：the way to solve a problem解决办法
8.It was risky, but life in the Third Reich had always been risky. It was worth a try.------ It was very dangerous, but life in Nazi Germany was full of risks. It was worth trying.这个办法要冒很大的风险， risky冒风险的 risk (doing) 冒风险
eg:　He risked getting arrested gathering the materials.　　　　 他冒着被捕的风险收集这些材料。
be worth (doing) sth值得
eg: The story is worth reading. 这个故事值得一读。
eg: The film is worth seeing. 这部电影值得一看。
9.I laid outthe diaries in two big steel suitcases I had bought.
lay sth. out: spread sth. out把……摊开/放下
eg:Lay out the map on the desk and let’s find the location of the town.
把地图在书桌上摊开，咱们找找那座小镇的方位。
eg:　He laid out the knives and forks on the table.　　　　　 他把刀叉摆放在餐桌上。
10．Over them I placed a number of my broadcast scripts, each page of which had been　stamped by the military and civilian censors　as passed for broadcast. 在日记的上面我放了一些广播稿，这些广播稿的每一页都盖有军方和文职新闻检查官的印章以示予以通过，可以广播。
which had been...是定语从句，修饰a number of my broadcast scripts。
as passed for broadcast 作主语 each of which的补足语。
　 在相应的主动语态的句子里则作宾语的补足语。请比较下列例句：
　　eg: The censors stamped the scripts as passed for broadcast.　　　　检查官在稿子上盖了章批准广播。
　　eg:　The president signed his application for retirement as approved.　校长在他的申请书上签了批准他退休。
　　eg: His application for retirement was signed by the president as approved.他的退休申请书校长签字予以批准。
　　　 as 后面可跟名词、形容词、分词等。
11.On top I put a few General Staff maps I had picked up from friends. 　 在最上面我放了几张多从朋友那里搞到的总参谋部使用的地图。
pick up:得到，弄到；买到，
eg: --Where did you pick up that nice little mobile phone of yours?　 你从哪里买到你那个漂亮的小手机？
eg: --It goes with my job.　　　　我工作单位发的。
eg:Mr. Jones picked up a few valuable stamps in that small shop.琼斯先生在那个小店里买到几张很有价值的邮票。
eg:　Cf. pick sb. up 　　　 接某人，让某人搭车
eg:　So we were in our twenty-first night adrift-the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up.
　 原来我们已经进入了第二十一夜的海上漂流，也就是后来“克洛顿”货船把我们从海上救起的那天夜里。
12.there would be no time for Gestapo officials at the airfield to　go over the contents. 　 机场的盖世太保不会有时间检查箱子里装的东西。
go over：　检查， 复习
　　 eg:　You must go over your paper carefully before handing in it. 　　　　 在交试卷前要认真检查一下。
13．I had a couple of suitcases full of my dispatches..
full of充满……，满…　　 The room is full of smoke.
dispatch: a report sent to a newspaper from one of its writers who is in anothertown or country,
　　 n. 报道，急件，快信 v. 派遣，派出
eg:This is a dispatch from our West African correspondent.　　 这是我们西非的记者发来的报道。 　　
eg:The UN dispatched a peace-keeping force to the African country.联合国向这个非洲国家派遣了一支维和部队。
14．Could they take a look now, if I brought them over; and they approved, put a Gestapo seal on the suitcase so I wouldn be held upat the airport?我要是现在拿过去他们能否检查一下？如果他们觉得没 有问题，能否在箱子上打上盖世太保的印章，以免我在机场耽搁？（这是两个特殊的间接疑问句，用的是疑问句 的语序，但没有引号。这种叙事方法简练、生动，在文学作品中常见。）they approved前省略了if， put前省略了Could they，so引出目的状语
hold up:使延误，阻止
15.Wasn’t I tempting fate: how could these hard-nosed Nazi detectives help but smell out the diaries beneath my broadcasts?------- I was doing something very dangerous. Perhaps those very strict Nazi detectives would sense something and dig/inspect deeper. Then they would definitely find my diaries beneath the broadcasts. 我这不是在拿性命开玩笑吗？（作者打完电话又开始犹疑起来。）那些精明的纳粹侦探怎么可能不嗅出广播稿下 面的日记呢？（他们只要往下一翻，还能看不到我的日记吗？）
tempt fate/ providence: take a risk冒险，玩命
eg: The bike brakes don’t work. If you ride downhill, you’ll be tempting fate.
这辆自行车的闸不灵了。你要是骑它走下坡，那你就是玩儿命。
hard-nosed精明而讲究实际的，（犬等）嗅觉不灵的，顽固的，丑陋的
(1) can’t help but do sth.:不可避免会做……；忍不住做……
　　 eg:　He can’t help but reject the offer if there are strings attached.　　 如果有附带条件，他不可能不回绝。
　　 eg:We couldn’t help but laugh when we heard his story.　　　 听了他的故事，我们忍不住大笑起来。
(2) smell sth./ sb. out:嗅出，（口语）探出，
　　 eg:The dog smelt out drugs in the suitcase.　　　　　 那狗闻出了箱子里的毒品。
　　 eg:The legendary detective is said to be able to smell out murderers. 据说那个传奇式的侦探能嗅出杀人犯。
16. Maybe I had just better begin to　flush them down the toilet. Maybe I had better tear them to pieces and throw them into the toilet and flush them down. 　 或许我最好还是现在就动手，把日记扔进马桶冲掉。
flush sth. down the toilet:用抽水马桶冲掉
eg : Mary accidentally flushed her ring down the toilet.　　 玛丽不小心把她的戒指掉到抽水马桶里给冲走了。
 17. On the other hand ……I calculatedthat the secret police would seize the General Staff maps. 　 我估计秘密警察会没收那些军用地图。
19. The they would look at the layers of my broadcast scripts and I would point tothe censors’ stamps of approvalon each page. 　 他们会检查那一摞摞的广播稿，那我就会指着每一页上检查官所盖的批准的印章。
point to指向，指着
　　 eg:　He pointed to the box and asked, “whose it is?”　　　　 　他指着这个箱子问，这是谁的？　
approval, n. approve, v. 指着，同意
　　 eg:Some contracts need not only be signed by the two sides but also be approvedby some leaders in charge.
　　　　 有些合同不仅需要双方的签字，而且还需要有些主管领导的批准。
20.That would be this make a Gestapo official sit up and take notice The censors’ stamps of approval would immediately
make sb. sit up (and take notice):（口语） 使……吃惊，使……吓一跳；使警觉，引起……的注意
eg:The strange noise made all of us sit up and take notice. 　　 那奇怪的声音使我们都警觉起来。
eg:　 A few strange personal ads in the paper made Bob Sugg sit up and take notice, and he helped smell out a series of burglaries.报纸上几则蹊跷的个人启事引起了鲍勃?萨格的注意，他协助（警方）查出了一系列入室盗窃案。
21. It would give me prestige in his eyes, or at least make me less suspectforeigner though I was.---------- This would make me look important in his eyes, or at least reduce his suspicion even though I was a foreign journalist. 尽管我是外国人这也会让他对我刮目相看， 至少也能减少他对我的猜疑。
　it指上句所提的内容（他们对那些印章注目）
prestige: the respect and importance a person, organization, or profession has, because of their high 　　　　position in society, or the quality of their work威信，威望，声誉
eg: He is a man of high international prestige.他是一个有着很高国际威望的人。
suspect adj.:信不过的；可疑的。the suspected:嫌疑犯
　　foreigner though I was: though I was a foreigner,是正式的用法。 　　
22. I was going to　gamble on their inspection ending there, before they dug deeper to my diaries.-------- The success of my plan would depend on their stopping the inspection when they saw the stamped broadcast scripts and not going further to find what was beneath the scripts. But this was a great risk to take.我要把宝押在他们的检查到此为止上，而不再往下翻到我的日记。
　gamble on sth./ doing sth.:希望成功而冒着失败的危险做……，压赌注
　　　eg:　You shouldn’t gamble on one exams.　　　　 你不应该把命运压在一次考试上。 　　
　　　eg:　He called for another vote, gambling on getting more support.
　　　　　他要求再举行一次投票，冒着失败的危险寻求更多人的支持。 　　
　　eg: You shouldn’t gamble on the supply of spare parts arriving promptly.
　　　　 你可不能把赌注全押在零件能立即到位这一点上。 在这个句型中，gamble后面的动名词表示的是主语的行为(如getting more support)，如果不是就需要在动名词的前面加上一个名词短语作其逻辑主语，　　　　　如their inspection和 the supply of spare parts。它们的行为分别是 ending和 arriving。
23. The feared Gestapo, I knew, was really not very　efficient. It was true that the Gestapo were much feared. But they were not as competent as they were thought to be.我知道那些令人畏惧的盖世太保并非真的很能干。（注意挖苦的口吻。）
Efficient, adj.能干的，有效率的efficiency, n.效率
24. Everything at Gestapo headquarters worked out as I had planned.在秘密警察总部，一切都按照我的计划顺利进行。
work out: develop in a specific way按……发展；产生结果；成功　
　eg:　 Their experiment worked out differently.　　　　 他们实验产生了不同的结果。
　eg:　Things did not work out as well as we expected.　　　　 情况的发展不如我们预料的那样好。
　eg:　Their marriage did not work out.　　　　 他们的婚姻并不成功。
25. They had been very valuable to me in reporting the army’s great victories. I realized I shouldn’t take out General Staff maps.这些地图对我报道军队的伟大胜利非常有用。我认识到我不应该把军用地图带出德国。（对付盖世太保作者采用了两个手法， 一是假意赞扬，二是主动“认错”，二者均十分奏效。）
　valuable to对……有价值，有用 　
 eg:　These materials are valuable to him in studying the ancient culture. 这些资料对他研究古代文化非常有价值。
26. every page, as you see, stamped for approval by the High Command and two ministries. 　 你看，每一页都盖有最高指挥部和两个部门的批准印章。
every page stamped...在every page与stamped之间省略了has been。
the High Command: the Supreme Command of the German Armed Forces德国武装力量最高指挥部的简称。
27. I could see they were impressed. 　　I could see that the stamps of approval made them look at me with some respect.
impress: to feel great admiration for留下印象
impress upon/on one’s mind/memory把…印在脑海/记忆中
　　 eg: I’m very impressed with the new airport.　　　　　 新机场给我的印象很好。
　　 eg: What impressed me most is the beautiful scenery and the kind people there.
　　　　　给我留下最深印象的是那儿美丽的风景和善良的人们。
　　 eg: He impressed what the teacher said to him upon his mind.　　 他把老师对他说的话记在脑海中。
Impression, n. 　　 eg: What’s your first impression about the city?　　　　 你对这个城市的第一印象如何？
28. They put their hands in a little deeper,each man now looking intoa suitcase. Soon they would reach the diaries. 　 他们两人把手往深处伸去，一人检查一个箱子，很快他们就会摸到日记。
 each man now looking into a suitcase为独立主格分词结构,做伴随状语。
　look into调查，检查
　eg:　A group was organized to look into the case.　　　 成立一个小组来调查这个案件。
29.Furthermore, several people can　confer What a fool!---------- When their hands almost reached my diaries, I regretted having taken this risk and blamed myself for getting myself into this critical situation/delivering myself into the hands of the Gestapo officials. What a foolish thing I had done, I thought to myself.我觉得我浑身开始冒汗，我这是自投罗网，真是个大傻瓜！
(in a) jam: a difficult or uncomfortable situation处境困境 　　 eg: We are in a real jam. 我们的麻烦大了。
　　 be/ get (oneself) into a jam:（使自己）处境困境或尴尬。
30. “All the way to Paris,” I said. “A great army it was, and a great story for me. It will go down in history! ”“This great army provided me with a lot things to report. What it has accomplished is going to be recorded in history.” “一直追踪报道到巴黎。”我说。“真是一支了不起的军队，对我来说是极好的新闻素材。这支军队的业绩将会载入史册。”（又是一番假 意赞扬的话使情况有了转机。）
all the way/ the whole way: during the entire journey; during the whole period of a time一路上；自始至终
eg: In order to catch the 8.20 bus, he ran all the wafy to the stop.
为了赶8点20分那趟公共汽车，他一口气跑到车站。
eg:The defendant kept silent all the way through the trial. 　　　　 被告在审判过程中自始至终没有开口。
34. Obviously he was checking 很明显他是在与盖世太保总部核实。
Obviously,adv. 很明显
　Check: 制止，控制，检查，核对
　　　　 check against, 检查，核对
　　 eg: They are checking the machine against the instruction. 　　　　 他们正对着说明书检查这台机器。
　　　　 check in登记，报到
　　 eg: They checked in at Beijing Hotel.　　　　 他们在北京饭店办理登记手续。
　　　　 check out,办清手续后离开，付帐后离开
　　 eg: They must pay for the charge before they check out.　　　　 他们在办理手续离开之前必须先付费。
　　　　 check up(on) 检查
　　 eg: The manager is checking up the work.　　　　 经理在检查工作。
35．At the customsthere was literally a herd of officials.-------- Note the derogative use of the phrase“a herd of officials”, showing the author’s hatred for Nazi officials because “herd” is the collective noun for animals. 注意“a herd of officials”的贬义用法，表明作者对纳粹的仇恨。
 the customs（复数指海关）go into the customs报关
　　How long will it take us to go into the Customs.我们报关需要多长时间。
36. I was free at last to the ticket counter to check my luggage. ---------- At last I was through with the customs, and could go to check my luggage. After that there would be no more hazards/danger to encounter. 我终于没事了，可以去托运行李了。
be free to do sth.:不受限制做……；得到允许做……
　 eg: You are free to express yourselves at the meeting.　　　 你们在会上可以畅所欲言。
　 eg: All students who have returned from abroad are free to come and go.　　　 从海外归国的留学生来去自由。
　 eg: In this family the children are free to decide what they would like to do.
　　　 在这个家庭里孩子们可以自由决定做自己想做的事。
　check one’s luggage (AmE) check in one’s luggage (BrE)
　 eg: to leave one’s luggage at the ticket counter so it can be put on a plane　　　 托运行李
　 eg: Any luggage over 5 kilos must be checked.　　　 超过五公斤的行李都要托运。
37.“Where to?” a Lufthansa man aasked.“目的地？”一个汉莎航空公司的工作人员问道。
Lufthansa:指1926年成立的德国汉莎航空公司。该公司于1945年战争结束时停止营业，1951年正式清理。其继承公司----汉莎航空公司于1953年1月在科隆成立，由当时的西德联邦政府、德意志全国铁路公司和北莱茵一威斯特伐伦州合办，此后又接纳私人投资。
38. The thought ofthe German airline delivering my diaries to me safely in Portugal, beyond the reach ofthe last German official who could seize them, extremely pleased me.---------(I was very pleased/It satisfied me greatly to think that it was the German airline that would take my diaries out of Berlin safely to Portugal, where no German official would be able to seize them.)由汉莎这个德国航空公司把我的日记平安发给我送到葡萄牙，再也没有任何德国军官可以没收了，想到这里我感 到万分得意。
 the (very)thought of (doing) sth.:（表示“想到……引起某人的强烈的情感”）一想到……
eg: The thought of seeing his old friend excited him.
　　　　The thought of being promoted as the department manager made him stay up late last night.
　 eg: The very thought of going home filled him with warmth.　 想到回家浑身温暖。(going home表示he的行为。)
　 eg: The very thought of his aging parents living alone made him sad.
　　　 一想到他年迈的双亲自己单过他感到难受。(living alone不是he的行为，而是his parents的行为。)
beyond the reach of sb./ sb.’s reach:手所够不到的地方；超越……的职权、控制、能力等
　 eg: All dangerous things should be placed beyond children’s reach. 一切危险品都要放在孩子们够不到的地方。
　 eg: Finally he found salesmanship was beyond his reach.　　　　 最后他终于发现他搞不了推销。
39.The airport tower kept postponingthe departure of our plane. The departure of our plane was put off again and again.
 Keep doing:反复做，不停地做   　 postpone: to put off推迟
　 eg: He decided to postpone his visit until the following day.　　　　 他决定把访问推迟到第二天。
40.But I had to do something to relievethe tension.-----------但我必须做些什么来放松自己。
eg: I had to do something to make me relaxed.
　 relieve the pain/the pressure减轻痛苦/压力
　relieve sb. of sth.: to take away sth. (usually unpleasant feeling or a difficult task)from sb.
　eg: A baby-sitter will relieve you of the burden of taking care of your children all day.
　 找个临时看孩子的会减轻你整天照料孩子的负担。 　
　eg: A porter relieved her of the three large cases.　　　 搬运工替她搬了三个大箱子，省了她的事。
41. I started to glance at the morning papers I had bought automatically on arriving at the airport. 我开始浏览到达机场时无意买的那些晨报。
glance at/ over/ through: read sth. quickly or not thoroughly浏览
　 eg:　Would you glance at the newspaper story about the event?　 你把个事件的这篇新闻报道浏览一遍好吗？
　 eg:　I’ve just glanced through the book, and think it’s worth being translated into Chinese.
　　　　 我把这本书浏览了一遍，觉得值得翻译成汉语。
On arriving: as soon as they arrived, on seeing, on getting home,
　 eg: Finally he found salesmanship was beyond his reach.　　　　 最后他终于发现他搞不了推销。
42.“I don’t have to read any ofthis trash anymore I thought.我想：“我再也不必读这些陈词滥调了！”
don’t have to :needn’t; not any more不再……
this trash： 这里指纳粹德国的报纸宣传希特勒的纳粹思想、德国军队的“伟大胜利”等等。 在柏林期间，为了了解动态，为了从字　　　　　　　　　　里行间捕捉信息，作者不得不阅读这些报纸。
43....I wouldn’t have to put up withanything more in the great Third Reich.---- 我再也不必忍受那个伟大的第三帝国的一切了。
put up with: to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining忍受
eg: I can’t put up with their quarrelling anymore. 　　　 我再也受不了他们的争吵了。
和上句一样，作者连用两个any或以any-开头的词，表示强调。
great一词是纳粹报纸用得最多、最滥的词，这里是反语。
44. I had only to hold out this one more day, and the whole nightmare for me would be over, though it would go on and on for millions of others. I had just one more day to endure, and then for me the nightmare would come to an end. However, for millions of other people the nightmare would continue. 我只要再把这一天忍过去，噩梦就会过去了，可是对于千千万万的人来说， 噩梦还要继续下去。
hold out:坚持，不退让    nightmare: a terrible experience噩梦    on and on: without stopping没有停顿
eg: The rain went on and on, as if it would never stop. 　　
　　 　雨没完没了地下着，好像永远也不会停止似的。 这里and引出的从句表示结果。
45.We had survived the Nazi horror and its mindless suppression of the human spirit. 我们幸免于纳粹的恐怖和灭绝人性的镇压。
 Mindless suppression of the human spirit: suppression of anything contrary to the Nazi ideology and the killing of
　　 people because they were different, esp. Jews and Gypsies灭绝人性的镇压
46.Even for the great mass of Germans who supported HitlerI felt a sort of sorrow. They did not seem to realize what the poison of Nazism was doing to them.----- Deeply poisoned by the Nazi ideology, they didn’t seem to know what harm it was doing to their minds. 即使是对众多支持希特勒的德国人我也感到某种悲哀。他们似乎并没有认识到纳粹主义这个毒物对他们的蛊惑。
Adolf Hilter: 阿道夫?希特勒（1889.4.20--1945.4.30），纳粹德国元首，第二次世界大战的头号战犯，1933年任总理，1934年后称元首，对内实行法西斯专政，对外进行侵略和扩张，发动了第二次世界大战。他命令在欧洲建立起许多灭绝人类的集中营，在德国和德军占领区估计有450万至550万犹太人惨遭杀害，其他民族死于他的屠刀之下者也不计其数。在苏军攻打柏林之际，他于1945年4月30日凌晨自尽。
The poison of Nazism: here Nazi ideology is compared to poison

1.It is a great pleasure to tell how I served my apprenticeship as a businessman. 我很高兴谈谈我是怎样见习办实业的。
这里apprenticeship是比喻义。卡耐基在本文中所讲的并不是他怎样学习经商，而是记叙了他不满13岁时开始在棉纺厂当小工的情况。但他把他少年时期这段经历看成是他一生成功创业（包括创建慈善事业）的“学徒期”（他在第六段中把这段时间称为“我以后办实业见决期的前奏”，即my preparation of the subsequent apprentice as a businessman），因为这段艰苦生活的磨难使他终身受益。

 

　　serve: spend a period of time learning a trade/ in a post/in prison
　　　　　
　　　　　 当学徒；任职；服刑，
eg: He has served in the army for three years.
　　他已经服了三年兵役。
　　
eg:　Franklin Roosevelt served 4 terms as U.S. President.
　　 富兰克林?罗斯福当了四任美国总统。

eg:　The man is serving a three-year sentence for bribery.

　　 他因受贿被判入狱3年，正在服刑。

eg:　After serving a three-year apprenticeship in a garment factory, the young man was employed as a tailor.

　　 在一家服装厂当了3年学徒之后，那年轻人被聘任为裁缝。

 
2. But there seems to be a questionpreceding his: Why did I become a businessman?

 

　　precede: (formal) to come or go before sb. /sth. in time,order, position, etc; to happen before sth.
　　　　　　　先于，位于。。。。之前，优先
eg:　A loud roar preceded the earthquake.
　　　
　　　巨大的轰鸣声之后发生了地震。

eg:　In the preceding lecture we dealt with the development of nuclear technology.
　　　
　　　上一节课我阐述了核技术的历程。
　　

 
3. I am sure that　I should never have selected a business career if I had been permitted to choose. 我相信要是我有选择的余地，我不会选择经商的生涯。

 

if I had （此句包含一虚拟条件句）

eg:If I had been admitted by Peking University, I should have found a better major.

　　我要是被北大录取了，我就会找到一个更好的专业。

　　　 
4. The　eldestson of parents who were themselves poor, I had, fortunately, to begin to perform some useful work in the world while still very young in order to earn an living　and therefore came to understand even early boyhood that my duty was to　asistmy parents and become, as soon as possible, a　breadwinner in the family.作为穷人家里的长子，我有幸为了谋生不得不很小就出外干活，因而在孩童时期就懂得了我的责任是协助父母养家，尽快成为家里挣钱的人。 这是个包含60个词、三个从句、结构复杂的句子。句子的主干是主语 + 由and连接的两个并列谓语：1)had to begin to perform some useful work...,2)came to understand...。 the eldest son of parents是主语的补足语；who were themselves poor是定语从句，修饰parents；fortunately（副词），in the world（介词短语），while still very young（ = while I was still very young省略形式的时间从句），in order to earn a living（不定式短语）都是状语是，修饰第一个谓语动词had to begin to perform。在第二个谓语动词之后，in early boyhood是它的时间状语，以下是一个系表结构的宾语从句，其中my duty是主语，表语是两个并列的不定式短语to assist my parents和(to)become a breadwinner, as soon as possible和in the family都是become a breadwinner的状语。 注意fortunately一词前后各有一个逗号插入had to begin 之间，使其醒目，作者强调小小出外干活其实是件“幸运”的事。

 

　　 Eldest年长的 
 

　　 earn a living: make a living谋生
　　
　　 eg:　He began to earn a living by himself when he was over ten years old.

　　　　　 他十多岁就开始自己谋生了。
 
 

　　 注意assist与help的区别：前者表示“协助”，被协助的人起主要作用，协助人起辅助作用（养家糊口主要是他父母的责任）；
help表示为他人做一部分工作，或一起做。

eg: This academic year, Xiao Li is assisting Professor Chen in Modern British History.

　　 这个学年，小李为陈教授的“英国现代史课”当助教。

eg:　Xiao Li helped Professor Chen to carry those books to his office.

　　 小李帮陈教授把那些书搬到他的办公室。（可能小李搬的更多。）
 
 

　　breadwinner挣钱的人, 养家糊口的人

eg:He is the only breadwinner of the five-people family.

　 他是这五口之家唯一挣钱的人。
 
5.What I could get to do, not what I desired, was the question. I was not in a position to choose a job; I had to accept any job I could find. 问题是，我能找到什么活干，而不是我想干什么活。（意思是因为人小，不易找到工作，不是人选工作，而是有什么就干什么。）

 

　更常用的形式是：The question is = The problem is,问题是……，

eg:The problem is how to find a way through out the forest.

　　问题是如何找到走出森林的路。

eg:The question is whether he is competent for the job not whether he will accept the job.

　　问题是他是否胜任这个工作，而不是他是否愿意接受这个工作。

eg:The question is whether he would like me to assist him, not whether I’m ready to so.

　　问题是他是否让我协助他，而不是我是否愿意。

　　 　　　

 
6. He owned　no fewer than　four handlooms and employed apprentices. 他有四台之多的手工织布机，还雇了几个学徒。
 

　 　　no fewer than:不少于（表示在当时的情况下，这个数目是大的）

eg:That cool summer, they sold no fewer than 70 airconditioners.

　　那个凉爽的夏天，他们卖出的空调机也有70台之多。

eg:At the first class of this term, there were no fewer than 20 students in his class. 

7. When the steam engine came, handloom weaving naturally declined蒸汽机的出现，自然使得手工机织业衰退。 卡耐基生于工业革命（18世纪中叶—19世纪中叶）后期，此前英国人瓦特（1736--1819）发明了高效蒸汽机（1769）， 使得纺织工业的生产率大大提高 ，从而挤垮了手工纺织业。
 

decling: to becomesmaller, weaker or fewer下降, 削弱, 衰退，谢绝

eg:Her influence declinde greatly after she lost the election.

　 落选后她的影响力大大削弱了。

eg:He declined my invitation politely.

　　他谢绝了我的邀请。

eg:a declinging birth-rate

　　日趋下降的出生率

eg:declining sales

　　逐渐减少的销售额

his declinging years (i.e. those towards the end of his life)暮年
decline也可作名词用：

eg:a decline in population/prices/popularity　　人口、价格/受欢迎的程度下降

eg:Manufacturing output is in decline.　　产量在下降。

eg:The stock market is on the decline.

　　股市下跌

eg:The industry fell/went into a decline soon after the war.

　　战后这个行业逐步衰退。

eg:The number of robberies in the area is on the decline.

　　这个地区抢劫案的数目在下降。
 

8. I resolved then that　the wolf of poverty should be driven from our door some day.I made up my mind then that some day we would have enough money to buy food and other necessities. 我当时下定决心总有一天我们要解决温饱问题。（也可直译为：……总有一天我们要把穷困这只恶狼从家门口轰走。）

 
　　

resolve (on/upon/against sth.): to decide firmly决心

eg:I resolve never to give up.

　　我决心永不放弃。

eg:He resolved on/against (making)an early start.
　
　　他坚决主张/反对早出发。

eg:She resolved that she would never see him again.

　　她决定再不见他了。

 
 
　　
此句由习语keep the wolf from the door: to have enough money to avoid hunger and need（免于穷困或挨饿）演变而来，

ｅｇ： In those days, no matter how hard the family worked, they could hardly keep the wolf from the door.

　　　　在那个年代，无论全家人怎么拼命干，还是难以糊口。

 
9.The question of starting for the United States was discussed from day to day in the family council.------------- Every day my family discussed whether we should move to the United States.

 
　　
　from day to day/day by day: happening every day

eg:Things change from day to day.

　　事物每天都在变化。

 
10.I well remember that both father and mother thought the decision was a great sacrifice for them, nut that “it would be better for the two boys”. 我记得很清楚父亲和母亲都觉得这个决定对他们来说是很大的牺牲，但是“对两个孩子来说更为有利”。

 
　　
Well:completely

eg:He well forgot about the afternoon meeting.

　　他完全忘记了下午的会议。

 
11 ...and that was how I began my preparation for subsequent apprenticeship as a businessman.------- ...working in the cotton factory as a “bobbin-boy”started me off learninghow to do business. 就这样我开始了为后来实业家见习期的前期准备工作。 that is / was how / why / what, etc.:这就是……怎样/为什么/什么等……的。 That’s why I’d left my mum and dad in the North, and came to London. 这就是我告别留在北方的爸爸妈妈而只身来到伦敦的原因。

 
　　
　　subsequent: later;following后来的

 
12. I cannot tell you how proud I was when I received my first week’s earnings---one dollar and twenty cents. 我简直不知道怎么形容我拿到第一个星期挣的1美元20美分时的自豪劲儿。

 
　　
　　I cannot/ can’t tell you how / what, etc.: 用来表示无法表达的感情

eg:I just can’t tell you how I felt when I heard the news.

　　我简直无法形容我听到这消息时的感受。

eg:I can’t tell you what a despicable man he was.

　　我无法形容那人是多么卑鄙。

 
13.It was given to me because I had been of some use to the world. And I became a contributing member of my family! 这钱给了我是因为我对社会有了点用处；还有，我已经能为家里作出点贡献了。（说明作者自豪的原因。）

 
　　
be of use: be useful
be of + n = adj

eg:The meeting is of great importance.

　 这个会议非常重要。

eg:The painting is of great value.

　 这幅画很贵重。

 
14. I think this　makes a man out of a boy sooner than almost anything else. 我觉得没有别的事情能使一个少年更快地成长为一个男子汉了。 The day I got my first week’s earnings, I suddenly found myself grown up. I felt I was no longer a mere boy, but quite a man. I came to belicre tghat hardships can help a boy mature quickly./This perhaps is the best way to enable a boy to recognize his responsibility for his family.

 
　　
makes ……out of用。。。制造出，造就出

eg:Ten years of hard work made an old woman out of a young girl.

　　十年的艰辛劳动把一个年轻的小姑娘变成了一个老太婆。

 
15 It iseverything to feel that you are useful.----------- You feel great when you are useful to your family and to society./To find yourself useful to the family and society gives yor the greatest satisfaction you can ever feel. 感到自己是个有用的人那才叫棒。

 
　　
everything: the most important thing最重要的事。

eg:What he said is not everything.
　
　 他说的并不是最重要的。

eg:Money isn’t everything.
　　
　　不是一切。

 
16Millions of dollars have since passed through my hands. But the genuine satisfaction I hadfrim that one dollar and twenty cents outweighs any subsequent pleasure in money making.------------ The satisfaction I got from the one dollar and twenty cents was far greater than any pleasure I felt in making money later on. 从那以后有成百万的美元经过我的手，可是以后赚的任何一笔钱给我带来的欢欣，都远远比不上那1美元20美分使我体验到的满足感。

 
　　
　since adv.: since I received that one dollar and twenty cents。
　　　　　　　 　　 　　

 
 
　　
　outweigh: be greater or more important than更大，更重要，又如：

ｅｇ:Many people believe that the benefits of TV far outweigh the harm it might do to children.

　　　许多人认为电视的好处大大超过它可能会对少年儿童伤害。

注：Outwin胜出, outscore 得分超过, outmatch战胜

　　　　　　　 　　 　　

 
17 itrepresented a week of very hard work-----so hard that it might have been described asslavery if it hadn’t been for its aim and end.这1美元20美分代表一个星期十分艰苦的劳动，要不是因为干活的目的是挣钱帮父母养家，那活真可以称为奴隶般的劳动。
 
　　
　　represent代表
eg: She will represent our class to go to the English Speech Contest.
　　
　　 她将代表我们班参加这次英语演讲比赛。

that从句表示hard的程度。
as slavery是that从句中主语it的补足语。

 
 
　　describe sth./ sb. as:称……为……

eg:The place is described as a paradise.

　　这个地方被描绘成天堂。

eg:I wouldn’t describe the meeting as successful.

　　我不会说那次会议开得成功。

 

 
　　
aim and end:目的。这里aim与end的意思相近。英语有些约定俗成的短语由两上意思很近的词组成

eg：fair and square（公平合理）

eg： the stresses and strains紧张压力。

 
18. It was a terrible task for a lad of twelve to rise every morning, except Sunday, go to the factory while it was still dark, and not be released until after darkness came again in the evening, forty minutes’ break only being allowed at noon.--------- Working in the factory was a terrible experience for a child of twelve. I was kept there from early in the morning to late in the eveningj ,with a lunch break of only forty minutes. (In American history, child labour wasunscrupulously explited by the industrial capitalists in the early 1900’s.) 除星期日之外，每天天不亮就要起床去工厂，直到晚上天黑下来才让离开，中午只给40分钟的时间休息，这对一个12岁的孩子来说，担子真是太重了。这个由45个词组成的句子主要是主语长而复杂。句子的主语是三个并列的不定式短语：1) to rise... Sunday；2) (to)go to the factory；3) not (to) be released。两个时间从句中：1) while it was still dark修饰go to the factory；2) until after darkness came again in the evening修饰not be released。for引出三个不定式的逻辑主语a lad of twelve。It是全句的形式主语。 until after作连接词，after可有可无。 Forty minutes’ break only being allowed at noon是独立主格分词结构，作状语修饰三个不定式短语，说明从早到晚只有40分钟的休息。注意作者用be released（释放出来）形容他的一天在工厂里干活，到收工时感觉就像从监狱或笼子里放出来一样。

 
　　
release:to allow a person or an animal to come out of a place; to set them free释放出来

eg:He was just released from prison.

　　他刚从监狱释放出来。

eg:He was released from hospital yesterday.

　　他已于昨天出院。

Poverty-release

　　　　

 
19.something within always told me that this aware　last. 我的内心有一种力量时时激励我：这种情况不会，也不可能，更不应该持续下去。

 
　　
注意句子的结尾是用了三个否定的情态动词，一个比一个有力

eg:I firmly believe that racial discrimination should be eliminated. It can be and will be.

　　我坚信种族歧视应该消除，能够消除，也一定会消除。

 
20 But here for a time it was even worse than in the cotton factory, because I was set to firethe boiler in the cellar and run the small steam engine which drove the machinery. 可是在这里，有一段时间情况比棉纺厂更糟，因为我既要烧地下室的锅炉，还要看管那台驱动机器的小蒸汽机。
 
　　
be set to do sth.:被派做……

eg:He was set to clean the corridor.
　
　 他被派去扫走廊。

be set to sth.还有“决意做……”的意思

eg:She was set to win the championship.

　　她决意要赢得冠军的称号。

 

21.The responsibility of keeping the water right and of running the engine, and the danger of my making a mistake and blowing the whole factory to pieces, caused too great a strain, and I ofter awoke and found myself sitting up in bed through the nignt, trying the steam-gauges.-------- I was told to look after the steam engine, that is, to make sure that there was the right amount of water in the boiler and that the engine was running normally to drive the machines. If I made amistake, the boiler might explode and the force of the explosion would destroy the factory. The responsibility was oo great. I couldn’t sleep properly at night and would often sit up in my sleep trying the steam-gauges. 我要使锅炉内的水位保持正常，还要看管发动机，责任重大；我要是出点差错，整个工厂就有被爆飞的危险；这两件事给我的压力太大了。我经常夜间从睡梦中醒来，发现自己坐在床上做调试蒸汽压力表的动作。（作者由于精神紧张，夜里常常做噩梦，在梦里调试蒸汽压力表，经常突然醒来，从床上坐起来。）这也是个长句，有49个词，由两个并列句组成，第一个并列句的主语是两个并列的名词短语：1) the responsibility of...，2) the danger of...，第二个并列句有两个并列的谓语动词（词组）：1) awoke，2) found...，其中分词短语sitting...是宾语myself的补语，trying...是状语，修饰sitting up in bed through the night。
 
　　
responsibility of。。。。的责任
eg:The responsibility of supporting a large family kept him working from day to night.

　　养家糊口的责任使他从白到晚地忙碌着。

eg:The responsibility of protecting the benefits of the people makes the police always maitaining sharp vigilance.

　　保护人民利益的责任使警察总是保持高度警惕。

 
 
　　
strain: a severe demand on mental or physical strength, resources, abilities,etc. 压力

eg:the stresses and strains of modern life

　　现代生活的压力

eg:under great strain

　　在很大压力之下

 
 
　　
sit up：stay up熬夜，不睡觉

eg:He often sits up late to play computer games.

　 他经常熬夜打游戏。

 

22. No, no! Evetything must be bright　to them. 只能让他们知道好的一面。 I never told my family about the strain I had. I only wanted them to know that everything was all right.
 
　　
Bright美好的，光明的

eg:We have a bright future.

　　我们都有着美好的未来。

 

23. This was a point of honor, for every member of the family was working hard, and we were telling each other only the bright things. 这是我应该做的事，因为家里每个人都在拼命干活，我们相互都是报喜不报忧。

 
　　
a point/ matter / question of honor: something you feel you must do because of your moral principles原则问题

eg:It was a point of honour with the washwoman to return the wash to its rightful owner.

　　对那位洗衣妇来说把所洗的衣物归还给原主是个信誉问题。

　　　

 
24.Besides, no man would complainand give up—
he would die first. 并且家里每个成员宁愿死也不会去抱怨，去放弃。 Every member of the family would rather die than complain and give up.
 
　　
complain(of, about) 抱怨

The people in that country are always complaining about high prices.

 
 
　　
he would die first 虚拟语气，省略了条件句if he complained and gave up

 

25 And could I complain? 这是个修辞性疑问句，意思是：“我当然不能怨天尤人。”
 
　　
This is a rhetorical（修辞性）

question meaning: Surely I couldn’t complain.

A rhetorical question is one you ask as a way of making a statement, without expecting an answer.

Aren’t the flowers beautiful?这些花多漂亮！

 

26. My kind employer soonrelieved me of the strain, for he needed someone tomake outbills and keep his accounts, and finding that I could write a plain schoolboy handand could add uphe made me his only clerk. Soon my boss found that I could write well enough to make out bills and keep his acounts. As he needed someone to do this, he kindly made me the only clerk in the factory. This freed me from the terrible strain of running the steam engine. 我那好心的老板很快就解除了我的压力，他需要有个人开帐单、记帐，他看我还能写出小学生水平的字，还会做加法，就叫我当了他惟一的职员。
 
　　
relieve sb. of: 免除某人的……（负担、职位等）

eg:The medicine will relieve you of the pain.

　　这药会减轻你的疼痛。

eg:Let me relieve you of this heavy box.
　
　 让我来帮你拿这个沉重的盒子。

eg:The university assigned a part-time secretary to relieve Professor Smith’s assistant of some of his work.

　 学校分派一个兼职秘书，来减轻史密斯教授助手的工作。

 

 
　　
make out: to write a cheque, bill, etc.开（支票、帐单等）。

eg:The old man made out a cheque for ten thousand pounds as a wedding present for Hughie and Laura.

　　那老人开出了一万英镑的支票作为送给休吉和劳拉的结婚礼物。

 
 
　　
schoolboy hand: the clear rounded writing that was taught in school (old use) writing

 
 
　　
add (sth.) up: 把……加起来

eg:Add all the items up and see how much we have to pay.

　 你把所有的项目都加起来，看我们要付多少钱。

eg:It turned out that the old man couldn’t add up.

　　原来那位老人不会算加法。

 
 
　　
made me his only clerk:让我成为他惟一的职员。

 

27. You know how peoplegrumble aboutpoverty as a great evil, and it seems to be accepted that if people had only plenty ofmoney and were rich, they would be happy and more useful, and get more out oflife.----------- Many people consider poverty as something bad and complain about it. People seem to believe that money could make them happy and more useful and able to enjoy life more. 大家都知道人们总是把贫困说成是一大罪恶，好像觉得谁要是许多钱，谁要是富有，谁就会更幸福、更有作为，谁就能享受更多的生活乐趣。注意第二个并列句的结构：it是形式上的主语，代表主语从句。that if people...get more out of life。only修饰had plenty of money and rich。
 

grumble about: to keep complaining about

eg:They have been grumbling about their teacher for giving them so much homework.

　 他们老是抱怨老师给他们留的作业太多。 
 
plenty of许多 
 
get sth. out of sth.:从……中得到（乐趣、满足等）

eg:She got a lot out of reading.

　 读书使她学到不少东西。

eg:I don’t understand what you’ve got out of this trash.

　　我真不从那些乱七八糟的作品中能得到什么。

eg:He seems to have got a lot out of the course.
他好像从那门课学到不少东西。

注意对卡耐基的这句话我们要以进行分析。我们一方面不认为有钱就幸福，但贫困不是件好事。
 

28.As a rule ,there is more genuine satisfaction from life in the humble cottages of the poor than in the palaces of the rich.------------ Generally speaking, the poor are genuinely happier than the rich. 一般说来，穷人简陋小屋里的生活比富人豪华宅邸里的生活更温馨。

 
as a rule:通常

eg:As a rule, there is much more rainfall in the south than in the north.

　 通常南方的降雨量比北方大许多。

eg:As a rule, children wear new clothes during the Spring Festivals.

　 通常孩子们在过春节要穿新衣服。

eg:As a rule, northerners are taller than southerners.
　
　 一般说来，北方人要比南方人高大。
eg:As a rule, the new academic year begins on September 1.

　 新学年通常9月1日开始。
　　

 
29.I always pity the sons and daughters of rich men, who are attended by servants, and have a governesseven at a later age.----------- They do not know what they have missed. I always feel sorry for children of the rich who have servants to look after them, and have a governess even when they are teenagers. They do not realize that they have missed what children need most—their parents’ loving care. 我总是可怜那些有仆人伺候、很大了还有家庭教师的富人子女。
 

　　 governess指住在主人家而负责照看主人幼小子女并教他们一些基本知识的女子。 

30.For the poor boy who hasin his fatherhis constant companion, tutor, and model, and in his mother his nurse, teacher, guardian angel, saint, all in one,has a richer, more precious fortune in life than any rich man’s son, and compared with which all other fortunes count for little. 因为对于穷人的孩子来说，父亲无时无刻都是他的伙伴、导师和榜样，母亲则集护士、老师、保护神、他所信奉的圣人于一身；这样，比起富人的孩子，他拥有生活中一笔更大、更宝贵的财富；与这一财富之相比，其他任何财富就是微不足道的了。这个长句有51个词，结构比较复杂。全句由连接词for引出，解释上句。句子的主语和宾语各跟一定语从句。在修饰主语the poor boy的定语从句who has...all in one中，动词has有两长串宾语，动词与宾语之间插入了两个介词短语in his father和in his mother。全句的谓语动词是has，其宾语是a richer, more precious fortune in life than any rich man’s son。在修饰它的定语从句compared with which all other fortunes count for little中，主语是all other fortunes，谓语是count for little，分词短语compared with which作状语，关系代词which代表a rich, more precious fortune。

 

in sb.: 用来表示某人的特征

eg:We’ve all found a good friend in Xiao Liu.

　 我们都觉得小刘对人很友好。

eg:We have a good center forward in Xiao Wang.

　 小王是我们很棒的中锋。
 
 
all in one:多位一体，联合体，合为一体

eg:To me, he is brother, friend and guardian all in one.

　 对我来说，他集兄长、朋友和监护人于一身。

eg:In those days ,that cave dwelling served as a study, a clinic and conference room all in one.

　 在那个年代，这个窑洞既当书房，又当医务室，又当会议室。 
 
compared with

eg:Compared with Shanghai, Beijing has a larger size of landarea but a less population.

　 与上海相比，北京土地面积稍大，而人口较少。

 
 
count for much / little: of much / little value or importance重要/不重要

eg:Empty promises count for little.
　
　 空洞的承诺一文不值。

eg:Do diplomas count for anything on the job market?

　 文凭对找工作重要吗？ 
31. It is because I know how sweet and happy and pure the home of honest poverty is, how free it is from perplexing care, from social envy and emulations, how loving and how united its members may be in the common interest ofsupporting the family that I　sympathize with the rich man’s boy and congratulate the poor man’s boy.我亲身体验过正直贫困家庭里的那种温馨、美满和纯真，这样的家庭无暇为聊的事而操心，不受他人的嫉妒，不与他人争斗，为了养家糊口这个共同目标，家里的人互相爱护，团结一致。正是由于这个原因我对富人家的孩子深表同情，而对穷人家的孩子表示祝贺。

 

此句用it is... that...强调原因，整个原因状语从句是强调部分；句子的主要部分是I sympathize...the poor man’s boy。

eg:It is because he didn’t turn off the stove that caused the fire.

　　正是因为他没关煤气炉子导致了这场火灾。

eg:It is because of his ignorance that led him to prison.

　　正是因为他的无知使他走上了犯罪。

 
 
free from:无……的，摆脱了……的

eg:Some handicapped are free from taxation.

　 一些残疾人免征税。

eg:He wants to live in a small town free from noise pollution.

　 他想住在一个没有噪音污染的小镇。

eg:Now that he’s retired he’s free from all responsibilities.

　 他现在已经退休了，无官一身轻。 
 
in the interest of: in order to achieve the result or maintain a situation

eg:All the people should work together in the interest of world peace.

　　大家都应为世界和平努力工作。

 
 
sympathize with (sb. / sth.):同情；支持

eg:I must tell you how much we sympathize with you on your loss.

　 我要告诉你对于你的损失我们对你深表同情。

eg:We always sympathize with just causes.

　　我们一贯支持正义的事业。 
32 .it is for these reasonsthat fromhe ranks of the poor so many strong, eminent, self-reliant men have always sprungand always must spring.--------- ...that is why poor families have produced and will continue to prodece so many outstanding people. 正是由于这些原因，穷人的队伍中已经不断涌现出，而且一定还会不断涌现出众多坚强、出众，依赖自己能力的杰出人才。
 
　　
此句用it is...that的形式强调for these reasons。

 
 
　　
spring from:出人意料地从……出现

eg:Where did your sister spring from? I thought she was in Europe.

　 你妹妹是从哪里蹦出来的？我还以为她在欧洲呢。

 

33 .responsibility of read the list of the immortals who “were not born to die,” and I ofter awoke and found myself were born to the precious heritage of poverty
如果你愿意看看那些流芳百世之人的名单，你就会发现他们当中大部分人出生于贫困这个
宝贵的环境中。

 
　　
If you will如果你愿意

eg:If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice.

　　如果你愿意听， 我就给 你一些建议。

 
 
　　
who “were not born to die”:那些不朽的人物，指那些为人类作出巨大贡献的人物。to die表示结果。

 
 
　　
be born to / into /of:出于……（环境、家庭等）。

eg:He was born into a poor family.

　 他出身于一个贫穷家庭。

 
34.It seems nowadays, amatter of universal desire that povety should be abolished. Nowadays it seems to be a common desire to wipe out poverty. 今天人们好像普遍希望消除贫困。

 

that从句是desire的同位语，具体说明其内容。
nowadays:当前（与过去相对照）

　　　 
35.but to abolish honest, industrious self-denying poverty would be destroy the soil upon which mankind produces the virtues which enable our race to reach a still higher civilization than it now possesses. 但是消除正直、勤劳、忘我的贫困就会破坏人类产生诸多美德的土壤，而正是这引起美德能使我们人类达到比现在更高的文明程度。此句是系表结构，主语与表语都是不定式短语；主语to abolish...poverty中隐含着一个虚拟条件句(if we abolished...poverty)，would be...是虚拟语气；表语to destroy...中包含两个定语从句：1) upon which mankind produces the virtues 修饰soil，2) which...it now possesses修饰virtues, than引出比较从句it now possesses，修饰higher。

 

still + 比较级形容词或副词表示更加……

eg:He has been working still harder since he went to college.

　　自他上大学后，他学习更加努力了。

eg:The began to believe him still more after then.

　 自那以后，他们更加信任他了。

　 在课文的最后一部分卡耐基强调贫困能激发人们上进，人物都出身贫寒，这是事实。但是我们不能反过来说越穷越革命，越穷越高尚。也有不少的杰出人物出富裕家庭，对此不可形而上学地看问题。人类毁要消除贫困，也要保持正直、勤劳等诸多美德。贫困是个很复杂的问题，有人说过贫困在诗歌里、在格言里。在牧师的讲道中是美好的，但在家里、在实际生活中却是非常糟糕的。还有人说贫困受到不再贫困的人们过分的赞美。我们不想在这里深入全面分析贫困。我们想说明的是，一个人尤其是年轻时经历一段贫困的生活不完全是一件坏事。